Chapter 10 Nuclear Chemistry https://quizlet.com/120376311/ch-10-nuclear- chemistry-prentice-hall-physical-science-concepts-in- action-flash-cards/ http://images.pcmac.org/SiSFiles/Schools/SC/Colleton County/ColletonCountyHigh/Uploads/DocumentsSubC ategories/Documents/Chapter%2010%20Text.pdf

10.1 Radioactivity Radioactivity is the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus emits charged particles and energy. Radioactivity: Expect the unexpected - Steve Weatherell http://ed.ted.com/lessons/radioactivity-expect-the- unexpected-steve-weatherall

Any atom containing an unstable nucleus is called a radioactive isotope, or radioisotope for short.

During nuclear decay, atoms of one element can change into atoms of a different element altogether.

Nuclear radiation is charged particles and energy that are emitted from the nuclei of radioisotopes. Common types ofnuclear radiation include alpha particles, beta particles, Gamma rays.

An alpha particle is a positively charged particle made up of two protons and two neutrons—the same as a helium nucleus.

A beta particle is an electron emitted by an unstable nucleus A beta particle is an electron emitted by an unstable nucleus. In nuclear equations, a beta particle is written as e or .

A gamma ray is a penetrating ray of energy emitted by an unstable nucleus.

Concept Questions

You may not realize it, but you are exposed to nuclear radiation every day. Most of this is background radiation, or nuclear radiation that occurs naturally in the environment.

Nuclear radiation can ionize atoms. Antioxidants & Free Radicals Explained https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bmAMtPEv-0M

Devices that are used to detect nuclear radiation include Geiger counters and film badges.

Is radiation dangerous? - Matt Anticole

10.2 Rates of Nuclear Decay A half-life is the time required for one half of a sample of a radioisotope to decay. Unlike chemical reaction rates, which vary with the conditions of a reaction, nuclear decay rates are constant.

Different Isotopes

After three half lives, the amount left is … B) ¼ C) 1/8 D) 0 What does the term half-life mean? http://ed.ted.com/on/WeYs57UP

In radiocarbon dating, the age of an object is determined by comparing the object’s carbon- 14 levels with carbon-14 levels in the atmosphere. How Does Radiocarbon Dating Work? http://ed.ted.com/on/R8ghqRXK

10.3 Artificial Transmutation Scientists can perform artificial transmutations by bombarding atomic nuclei with high energy particles such as protons, neutrons, or alpha particles. Note that H represents a proton. Rutherford’s experiment provided evidence that the nucleus contains protons.

Concept Questions Solve for A and Z; what is the new element?

Synthetic elements Elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 (uranium) are called transuranium elements. Scientists can synthesize a transuranium element by the artificial transmutation of a lighter element.

Particle accelerators How does an atom-smashing particle accelerator work? - Don Lincoln http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-does-an-atom- smashing-particle-accelerator-work-don-lincoln What is a quark? Just for fun Minute physics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fxeb3Pc4PA4 Antimatter Explained https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lo8NmoDL9T8

10.4 Fission and Fusion The strong nuclear force is the attractive force that binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus. Over very short distances, the strong nuclear force is much greater than the electric forces among protons.

The Effect of Size on Nuclear Forces Unstable Nuclei A nucleus becomes unstable, or radioactive, when the strong nuclear force can no longer overcome the repulsive electric forces among protons. All nuclei with more than 83 protons are radioactive.

Fission Fission is the splitting of an atomic nucleus into two smaller parts.

Fission produces energy In nuclear fission, tremendous amounts of energy can be produced from very small amounts of mass. When the fission of uranium-235 is carried out, about 0.1 percent of the mass of the reactants is lost during the reaction. This “lost” mass is converted into energy.

Binding Energy, Fission and the Strong Nuclear Force http://ed.ted.com/on/wKsQ4H7d E=mc² is Incomplete – MinutePhysics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NnMIhxWRGN w

Chain Reaction In a chain reaction, neutrons released during the splitting of an initial nucleus trigger a series of nuclear fissions.

Critical mass A critical mass is the smallest possible mass of a fissionable material that can sustain a chain reaction.

Nuclear Energy from Fission Unlike power plants that burn fossil fuels, nuclear power plants do not emit air pollutants such as oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. Pros and Cons https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =kCjgiib2vJU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =rcOFV4y5z8c

Fusion – minute physics https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gS1dpowPlE8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTodS8hkSDg The Life Cycle of Stars - IOP https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PM9CQDlQI0A A single nucleon is heavier than a bound nucleon; this is called the mass defect Each proton gets lighter and lighter as nucleon number increases, all the way up to iron. Mass defect increases and energy can be released from fusion.

Nucleus stability