Semesters work Alyssa Buckner 5th hour

Scientific Method Observation Research question Collected variables Hypothesis Procedure Analyze data Conclusion

Observation Something you notice. Example The chair is red.

Research Question A question that is able to be tested and not an opinion. Example: Are there more red chairs then blue in this class room?

Collected Variables Independent variable (I.V.)- something the experimenter changes. Dependent variable (D.V.)- changes because of what the experimenter changed. Constant variable (C.V.)- the thing that stays the same

Examples I.V.- color of chairs D.V.- amount of chairs C.V.- chairs

Hypothesis Educated guess in an “if” and “then” statement. Example: If we count all the chairs in the class room, then there will be more red chairs then blue.

Procedure Step by step instructions on how to get the data. Example: Count all red chairs Then count all blue chairs Find which color has the biggest amount Analyze data Draw a conclusion

Analyze Data Put information in a T-chart, and a graph. T-chart- I.V. goes on left, D.V. goes on right. Graphs- use a bar graph if time isn't involved, use a line graph if time is involved.

…continued T-chart Bar graph The effect of color of chair on amount of chairs D.V. Color of chair amount of chairs Red 5 Blue 3 I. V.

Conclusion Tells whether the hypothesis is correct or not. Example: My hypothesis was correct, there were more red chairs, then blue.

Matter Has mass and takes up space. States of matter: Solid- particles tightly packed together Liquid- particles move around loosely Gas- particles spread apart. 5 phase changes: Melting point- solid to liquid Freezing point- liquid to solid Boiling point- liquid to gas Condensation- gas to liquid Sublimation- solid to gas

Mixtures and Compounds Mixture- two or more substances combined together. Two types- homogeneous and heterogeneous. Compounds- substances are chemically combined

Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures Homogeneous- cant see the particles Examples: Tea Coffee Heterogeneous - can see the particles Examples: Rocks in water Trail-mix

Physical/Chemical Change Physical- a change to the appearance. Example: Scratch on a car. Chemical- new substance is made Example: book on fire.

Newton's Laws 1st law-object in rest, stay in rest until force is applied. Objects in motion, stay in motion until a force is applied. 2nd law- the more mass an object is, the more force it takes to move it 3rd law- for every action, there is an equal and opposite action

Solubility Ability to dissolve. Solute- substance being dissolved Solvent- doing the dissolving Unsaturated solution- can hold more solute Saturated- cannot hold anymore solute Supersaturated- overfull, builds up and sits on bottom

Atom Smallest part of matter. 3 parts: proton, electron, and neutron. Proton- has a positive charge (+) Electron- has a negative charge (-) Neutron- has a neutral charge

Periodic Table Where all the elements are found. Elements- made up of 1 atom. Periodic table has 7 periods (up & down). And 18 groups (left to right)

How to Read an Element LI Atomic number 3 7 Amount of protons and electrons Symbol, name of element Atomic mass Atomic mass – atomic number= amount of electrons

Borh Atom Diagram Lithium + protons Electrons Neutrons

Energy Ability to make change. Mechanical- move something Example- brushing hair Thermal- apply heat Example-hair strainer

Movement of Heat Conduction- through touch Example- touching stove Convection- through liquid Example- boiling water Radiation- through air Example- sun Conductor- allows heat to pass through Insulator- doesn’t allow heat to pass through

Speed, Acceleration, Work, Power, and Motion Speed- Rate of motion Acieration- increase in speed Work- anytime something moves Power- amount of work you use in amount of time Motion-object moves from one place to another

Forces Change of motion on an object Push and pull Types of forces: Resistance- slows you down Gravity- pulls you to the ground Friction-2 substances rubbing against each other Balance force- all forces acting on object are equal. Unbalance-one force is stronger then other

Waves Disturbance of energy. Medium - any type of matter Mechanical wave - needs a medium to pass through Types of waves Longitudinal - up and down Transverse - back and forth

Wave diagram Crest Wave Length Amplitude Trough

…continued Crest - top of wave Trough - bottom of wave Wavelength - crest to crest, wave speed Amplitude - crest to trough, intensity

Doppler Effect The closer you are to the sound source, the louder the sound is. The further away you are from the sound source, the quieter it will be. Sound source Closer, louder Further, quieter

Waves Interact Reflection - bounce off other things Refraction - travels different speeds through different mediums Diffraction - waves go through, or move around objects Interference: Constructive- Destructive- One wave Similar wave Bigger wave One wave Opposite wave Cancel out

Sounds in Different Mediums Solid - slowly Liquid - faster Gas - very quickly Hot air - fast Cold air - slow

Sound Waves Pitch- highest and lowest sound is Ultrasound- high pitched, high amplitude Infrasound- low pitched, low amplitude

How Sound is Made From the lungs Lungs Through the Windpipe Larynx And makes a Sound Wave

How Sound is Detected From the Ear To the Ear Drum Inner Ear Cochlea Brain