The South and the Slavery Controversy, 1793-1860 Cover Slide The American Pageant Chapter 16 The South and the Slavery Controversy, 1793-1860 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

A barber shop, Richmond, 1861 A barber shop, Richmond, 1861 Free blacks dominated the barber's trade in Richmond on the eve of the Civil War. As meeting places for men, barber shops supplied newspapers and political discussion. Black barbers were politically informed and prosperous. As was the custom at the time, barbers also performed medical procedures like drawing blood. (Valentine Museum, Cook Collection) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

American Anti-Slavery Almanac, 1840 Northern antislavery propagandists indicted the southern way of life, not just slavery. These illustrations depict the South as a region of lynchings, duels, cockfights, and everyday brawls. Even northerners who opposed the abolition of slavery resolved to keep slaveholders out of the western territories. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Armed antislavery men with John Doy Though no one would deny that their cause was noble, many of the men who flocked to Kansas to resist the expansion of slavery were no less violent than their proslavery adversaries. This photograph, taken in 1859, shows a gang of armed antislavery men who had just broken an accomplice (John Doy, seated) out of jail in neighboring St. Joseph, Missouri. Like proslavery "Border Ruffians," many of these men also served in guerrilla bands during the Civil War and some went on to careers as famous outlaws after the war was over. (Kansas State Historical Society) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Colonel and Mrs. James A Whiteside, Son Charles and Servants by James A. Cameron This portrait captures the patriarchy as well as the graciousness that whites associated with the ideal plantation. The slave waiter, nurse and planter's wife all appear overshadowed by the master's presence. (Hunter Museum of Art, Chattanooga, TN, Gift of Mr. & Mrs. Thomas B. Whiteside) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Minor Winn Gracey and Mourning Smith Gracey by William Frye, 1851 This grand portrait of Minor Winn Gracey and his wife, Mourning Smith Gracey, of Alabama, celebrates the planter class's wealth and status in the artifacts surrounding the couple. (Loaned by William M. Spencer III, Birmingham Museum of Art) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Nat Turner, artist unknown No pictures of famed slave revolt leader Nat Turner are known to exist, but this nineteenth-century painting illustrates how one artist imagined the appearance of Turner and his fellow conspirators. White southerners lived in terror of scenes such as this and passed severe laws designed to prevent African Americans from ever having such meetings. (Granger Collection) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Nurse and charge Nurse and charge Slavery did not prevent white children and their slave nurses from forming attachments to each other. (Valentine Museum, Cook Collection) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Slaves ginning cotton Slaves ginning cotton The invention of the cotton gin and the spread of cotton agriculture throughout the American south created an enormous new demand for slave workers and changed the nature of their work. A handful of slaves could process large amounts of fiber using the revolutionary new machine, but it took armies of field workers to produce the raw cotton. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave by Henry Byam Martin, 1833 White southerners could not escape the fact that much of the Western world loathed their "peculiar institution." In 1833, when a Canadian sketched this Charleston slave auction, Britain abolished slavery in the West Indies. (National Archives of Canada) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Torture Mask, woodcut, 1807 Torture Mask, woodcut, 1807 The laws of southern states had long stipulated that masters could use whatever means they deemed necessary to prevent slave runaways and insolence. In the early 1800s, some planters adopted this so-called restraining mask to punish slaves. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Virginia Planter's Family by August Köllner, 1845 As August Köllner's 1845 painting shows, a southern woman was expected to be a loving and subservient wife to her plantation husband, but she was also expected to be a harsh mistress toward her black servants. ("Virginia Planters Family" by A. Kollner, 1845. Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Ye Southern Planter 1838, artist unknown Despite the popular image that antebellum planters lived lives of idle luxury in great mansions, most actually lived in modest homes and worked alongside their employees and slaves, as this 1838 painting by an anonymous artist shows. (Dr. Richard Saloom) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Cotton Agriculture and Slave Population Between 1820 and 1860, the expansion of cotton agriculture and the extension of slavery went hand in hand. As these maps show, cotton production was an isolated activity in 1820, and slavery remained isolated as well. By 1860, both had extended westward. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Cotton Production in the South These two maps reveal the rapid westward expansion of cotton production and its importance to the antebellum South. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: The Compromise of 1850 The Compromise of 1850 The Compromise of 1850 admitted California as a free state. Utah and New Mexico were left open to slavery or freedom on the principle of popular sovereignty. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: The Internal Slave Trade, 1810-1860 An internal slave trade developed after the slave trade with Africa ended in 1808. With the growth of cotton production, farmers in the Upper South found it profitable to sell their slaves to planters in the Lower South. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: The Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 The vote on the Kansas-Nebraska Act in the House of Representatives demonstrates the sectionalization of American politics due to the slavery question. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: The Mexican War The Mexican War This map shows the territory disputed between the United States and Mexico. After U.S. gains in northeastern Mexico and in New Mexico and California, General Winfield Scott captured Mexico City in the decisive campaign of the war. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: The Southwest and the Mexican War When the United States acquired Texas, it inherited the Texans' boundary disputes with Mexico. This map shows the outcome: war with Mexico in 1846 and the acquisition of the disputed territories in Texas as well as most of Arizona, New Mexico, and California through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Westward Expansion, 1800-1860 Through exploration, purchase, war, and treaty, the United States became a continental nation, stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.