Energy metabolism and whole-exome sequencing-based analysis of Sasang constitution: a pilot study Hyoung Kyu Kim, Heetak Lee, Ji Ho So, Seung Hun Jeong,

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Energy metabolism and whole-exome sequencing-based analysis of Sasang constitution: a pilot study Hyoung Kyu Kim, Heetak Lee, Ji Ho So, Seung Hun Jeong, Dae Yun Seo, Jong-Yeol Kim, Sanguk Kim, Jin Han Integrative Medicine Research Volume 6, Issue 2, Pages 165-178 (June 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2017.03.002 Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Flow diagram of SC type diagnosis. IRB, institutional review board; SCM, Sasang constitutional medicine; SE, So-eum; SY, So-yang; TE, Tae-eum; TY, Tae-yang. Integrative Medicine Research 2017 6, 165-178DOI: (10.1016/j.imr.2017.03.002) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Blood composition analysis. (A) Comparison of serum cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-C, LDL-C, and glucose levels between SC types. (B) Comparison of serum insulin levels between SC types. (C) Comparison of serum irisin levels between SC types. HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SC, Sasang constitutional; SE, So-eum; SY, So-yang; TE, Tae-eum; TY, Tae-yang. Integrative Medicine Research 2017 6, 165-178DOI: (10.1016/j.imr.2017.03.002) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Cellular and mitochondrial ATP analysis. (A) Cellular ATP levels were measured in platelet cells in the presence of 10mM glucose. (B) Mitochondrial ATP levels were measured in platelet cells in the presence of 10mM galactose. ATP, ; SE, So-eum; SY, So-yang; TE, Tae-eum; TY, Tae-yang. Integrative Medicine Research 2017 6, 165-178DOI: (10.1016/j.imr.2017.03.002) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Mitochondrial OCR analysis. (A) Basal OCR was measured in platelet cells by an XF24 analyzer without a mitochondrial inhibitor. (B) ATP-linked OCR was calculated as the difference in OCR prior to and after treatment with oligomycin, a mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor. (C) Maximal OCR was measured in the presence of FCCP, a mitochondrial uncoupler. (D) Spare respiration capacity was calculated as the difference between maximal and basal OCR. ATP, ; FCCP, p-[trifluoromethoxy]-phenyl-hydrazone; OCR, oxygen consumption rate; SE, So-eum; SY, So-yang; TE, Tae-eum; TY, Tae-yang. Integrative Medicine Research 2017 6, 165-178DOI: (10.1016/j.imr.2017.03.002) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Venn diagram of gene variants for each SC type. (A) Number of gene variants for each SC type. (B) Number of amino acid residue alterations for each SC type. SC, Sasang constitutional; SE, So-eum; SY, So-yang; TE, Tae-eum; TY, Tae-yang. Integrative Medicine Research 2017 6, 165-178DOI: (10.1016/j.imr.2017.03.002) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Selected gene–biological module associations. Gene variants and biological module associations from GO terms, pathways, and diseases. (A) SE type-specific variants. (B) SY type-specific variants. (C) TE type-specific variants. (D) TY type-specific variants. GO, gene ontology; SE, So-eum; SY, So-yang; TE, Tae-eum; TY, Tae-yang. Integrative Medicine Research 2017 6, 165-178DOI: (10.1016/j.imr.2017.03.002) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Enriched terms for each SC type. Different colors indicate the enriched biological terms for different SC types. Enrichments were calculated with hypergeometric tests. Values on the x-axis denote the significance of enrichment tests. SC, Sasang constitutional; SE, So-eum; SY, So-yang; TE, Tae-eum; TY, Tae-yang. Integrative Medicine Research 2017 6, 165-178DOI: (10.1016/j.imr.2017.03.002) Copyright © 2017 Terms and Conditions