Founding of the Americas

Native American Societies Corn!!! All large native American societies were based around maize Meso-American Societies Human sacrifice and astronomy Pueblos (Anasazis) Irrigation system and pueblos (villages) Cohokia Mound builders

Native American Societies Algonquin and Iroquois (Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and the Senecas) Three Sisters farming- beans, corn and squash around 1000 CE (south east only- north east hard to farm) Many distinct societies, similar language Many political organizations chiefdoms or confederacies Powhatan Chiefdom Iroquois confederacy (no chiefs) Matriarchal Societies

Native American Societies Horses Introduced in the mid to late 1500s Some tribes moved from agriculture back to hunting buffalo Gave certain tribes power over others Comanche, Sioux (black hills), and the Crow Trade Tribes that specialized traded to get other resources Ex: Navajos and Apaches would trade with the Pueblo every year, exchange hide and meat for maize, pottery, and cotton War captives would also be traded as slaves

Indirect Discoveries Lief Erikson The crusades 1000 CE, Newfoundland Made Europe aware of all the awesome stuff they were missing out on- sugar!

Europeans Enter Africa Marco Polo, 1295- stimulated a cheaper route to the east Caravel- allows Europeans to return home after sailing south along the coast of Africa Could now sub-Saharan Africa could be “discovered”- gold Portuguese dominate trade with Africa- including slaves Sugar plantations off the coast of Africa (Madeira, the Canaries, Sau Tome, and the Principe)

Europeans Enter Africa Plantation System started on these islands Portuguese pushed south along the coast looking for a water route to Asia Vasco de Gama, 1498 reached India by going around Africa

Spain Joins the Race Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille united Spain Newfound strength

Columbus!!! Changing politics, new technology, and the renaissance Spain now had the unity, wealth and power to compete with Portugal Columbus=most successful failure in history Columbian Exchange

Columbian Exchange

Conquest of Mexico and Peru Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) West Indies Sugar plantations and base for invading th mainland Encomienda System Bartolome de las casas Hernan Cortes (1519)- from Cuba to Mexico Moctezuma- Aztec Chieftan Noche Triste- June 30, 1520

Conquest of Mexico and Peru Francisco Pizarro Incas in 1532 Increase in gold=increase in money supply in Europe=the beginning of capitalism Not just death Crops, animals, language, customs, and religion Mestizos

Exploration and Imperial Rivalry Conquistadores Vasco Nunez Balboa Ferdinand Magellan Juan Ponce de Leon Francisco Coronado Others getting jealous English- John Cabot French- Jacques Cartier St. Augustine, 1565- to protect Spanish land

Exploration and Imperial Rivalry Spain began to fortify and settle its new land Rio Grande Valley- Don Juan de Onate Abused Pueblo natives Battle of Acoma- proclaimed province of New Mexico in 1609- Santa Fe Missionaries tried to supress native religious customs Pope’s Rebellion (1680) Spain comes back in 50 years but is more tolerant of native customs

Differences in colonization Spanish- larger and richer, lasted longer, intermarried with natives, and adopted some indigenous culture