Bellringer ANSWER the following questions: Chapter 1 Bellringer ANSWER the following questions: In your opinion, what is psychology? Why is the study of psychology important? What would you like to learn in this class?

Chapter 1 WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY HOLT Psychology 7/18/2018 Chapter 1 WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY Section 1: Why Study Psychology? Section 2: What Psychologists Do Section 3: A History of Psychology Section 4: Contemporary Perspectives Chapter 1

Chapter 1 Chapter 1: Section 1 Why Study Psychology???

Chapter 1 Main Objective: Identify the goals of psychology, and explain how psychology is a science.

Behavior and Mental Processes: Chapter 1 Behavior and Mental Processes: Psychology: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Behavior: Any action that other people can observe or measure: EX: Laughing, walking, heart rate.

Cognitive activities: Chapter 1 Cognitive activities: Private, unobservable mental process such as sensation, perception, thought, and problem solving. EX: Dreaming How would psychologists measure this behavior??

Psychological constructs: Chapter 1 Psychological constructs: Theoretical concepts that enable one to discuss something that cannot be seen touched, or measured directly. Psychologists are interested in studying people’s emotions or feelings!!!

Observe Describe behavior Explain Predict Control GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 1 Section 1: Why Study Psychology? GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY Observe Describe behavior Explain Predict Control

THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 1 Section 1: Why Study Psychology? THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY Psychology is a social science but has its foundation in the natural sciences (biology, chemistry). It deals with the structure of human society and interactions of individuals who make up society.

How do psychologists find answers that they are looking for?? Chapter 1 How do psychologists find answers that they are looking for?? Research Conducting surveys and experiments Collecting and analyzing data Drawing conclusions Theories which they test

Research: 2 widely used methods: Chapter 1 Surveys & Experiments Surveys: methods of collecting data that usually involves asking questions of people in a particular group. ****May use humans or animals****

Psychological Theories: Chapter 1 Psychological Theories: Theory: a statement that attempts to explain why things are the way they are and happen the way they do. Principle: a rule or law EX: If you study, then you will get better grades!!

Give an example of a psychological construct. Chapter 1 Review Give an example of a psychological construct. How do psychologists find answers that they are looking for? What is the difference between a theory and a principle?

Chapter 1 Chapter 1: Section 2 What Psychologists Do

Chapter 1 Main Objective: Describe the work done by psychologists according to their areas of specialization.   

What do you think??? Chapter 1 Write down movies that you have seen or books that you have read that have professional psychologists as characters. What kinds of work did these psychologists do? In which areas of psychology did they specialize? How realistic were their characterizations?

What books/movies come to mind?? Chapter 1 What books/movies come to mind??

Chapter 1

AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION Chapter 1 Section 2: What Psychologists Do AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION Clinical – the largest group – treat psychological problems. Counseling – treat adjustment problems. School – deal with students who have problems that interfere with learning. Educational Psychologist – focus on course planning and instructional methods. Help with developing SAT

AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION (continued) Chapter 1 Section 2: What Psychologists Do AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION (continued) Developmental Psychologists- study changes that occur throughout a persons’ life span. (physical, emotional, cognitive, social) Personality Psychologist – identify characteristics or traits. (aggression; anxiety; shyness) Social Psychologist – concerned with people’s behavior in social situations. (group behavior) Experimental Psychologist – conduct research into basic processes, such as the nervous system.

Experimental Psychologists (continued) Chapter 1 Experimental Psychologists (continued) Focus on basic research: Research that has no immediate application and is done for its own sake. EX: Basic research into motivation has helped clinical and counseling psychologists develop ways of helping people control their eating habits.

AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION (continued) Chapter 1 Section 2: What Psychologists Do AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION (continued) Industrial and Organizational Psychologist – focus on people in work and business (assist in hiring) Environmental Psychologist – focus on ways in which people influence and are influenced by physical environment (does crowding make people irritable?) Consumer Psychologist – study the behavior of shoppers to explain and predict behavior. (placement of milk)

AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION (continued) Chapter 1 Section 2: What Psychologists Do AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION (continued) Forensic Psychologist – are concerned with how psychological problems give rise to criminal behavior. Health Psychologist – study the ways in which behavior and mental processes are related to physical health. (Correlation with stress and heart disease)

Chapter 1 End of Chapter 1:2

If you were to be a psychologist, what area would you choose to specialize in and why? Write a short description of a time that you watched a movie/played a video game/listened to music that you weren’t supposed to at a young age. Did your parents find out? Were you in trouble?

A History of Psychology Chapter 1 Chapter 1: Section 3 A History of Psychology

Explain the historical background of the study of psychology. Chapter 1 Main Objective: Explain the historical background of the study of psychology.

Roots from Ancient Greece: Chapter 1 Roots from Ancient Greece: Began in ancient Greece. Socrates: Believed can learn about ourselves by examining thoughts and feelings. Introspection: “Looking within”

between two ideas or events. Chapter 1 Plato: Associationism: A learned connection between two ideas or events. EX: thoughts can lead to dreams.

Chapter 1 Middle Ages: Europeans believed that problems were signs of possession by demons. EX: punishment for sins http://youtu.be/2h6QX-7EW2Y

PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOPED OVER TIME Chapter 1 Section 3: A History of Psychology PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOPED OVER TIME Revived during the scientific advances of the 1500s, 1600s and 1700s. 1879: the year that many believe to be the beginning of psychology. Considered a modern laboratory science by Wilhelm Wundt

Wilhelm Wundt: (“Vunt”) Chapter 1 Wilhelm Wundt: (“Vunt”) Structuralism: Maintains that conscious experience breaks down into objective sensations and subjective feelings. Objective: sight and taste Subjective: emotional responses and mental images.

William James: Functionalism: Chapter 1 Emphasizes the purposes of behavior and mental processes. Believe that adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained because they are successful. EX: studying to make good grades

Structuralism: What are the elements of psychological processes? Chapter 1 What are the main differences between structuralism and functionalism?? Structuralism: What are the elements of psychological processes? Functionalists: What are the purposes of behavior and mental processes?

John B. Watson Behaviorism: Chapter 1 Defines psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior. EX: Watching violence on T.V. can lead to violent behavior.

B.F. Skinner (Burrhus Frederic) Chapter 1 B.F. Skinner (Burrhus Frederic) Believe animals AND humans learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced for doing so. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41ZW0OGp4HE

The Gestalt School: Gestalt Psychology: Chapter 1 Emphasizes the tendency to organize perceptions into meaningful wholes. Context influences perception!

Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis: Chapter 1 Empathizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflict in determining human behavior. EX: Verbal slips; dreams  reflects Freud’s influence on popular culture.

Consultations with patients Free association Chapter 1 Freud (continued) Consultations with patients Free association Believed unconscious processes (sexual & aggressive urges) are MORE important than conscious experience in governing people’s behavior and feelings!!!

Psychodynamic thinking: Chapter 1 Freud (continued) Psychodynamic thinking: Most of what exists in an individual’s mind is unconscious and consists of conflicting impulses, urges, and wishes.

Freudian Slips! Pretty funny! Chapter 1 Freudian Slips! Pretty funny! Freudian Slips! Pretty funny! Freudian slip: is an error in speech, memory, or physical action that is believed to be caused by the unconscious mind. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiPzM98h7NA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PGeKNk1oWo

End of Chapter 1: Section 3

Chapter 1 Bellringer What are the main differences between structuralism and functionalism? Who is responsible for developing the ideas of reinforcement? In Ancient Greece, what did Socrates believe in relation to psychology?

Contemporary Perspectives Chapter 1 Chapter 1: Section 4 Contemporary Perspectives

Describe the main contemporary perspectives in psychology. Chapter 1 Main Objective: Describe the main contemporary perspectives in psychology.

SEVEN MAIN CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 1 Section 4: Contemporary Perspectives SEVEN MAIN CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY 1. Biological – nervous system, glands, hormones, genetic factors. How does biology influence behavior? CAT & PET scans  show mental processes How do genes influence personality?

Evolutionary Perspective: Chapter 1 Evolutionary Perspective: * Focuses on the evolution of behavior and mental processes. * Charles Darwin: “Survival of the Fittest”

Cognitive Perspective: Chapter 1 Cognitive Perspective: *Study mental processes to understand human nature. *Cognitive psychologists believe that people’s behavior is influenced by their values, their perceptions, and their choices.

Chapter 1 Humanistic Perspective: * Stresses the human capacity for self-fulfillment and the importance of consciousness, self-awareness, and the capacity to make choices. * Believe that we are free to choose our own behavior. * View people as basically good and desiring to be helpful to others.

Humanistic Perspective (continued) Chapter 1 Humanistic Perspective (continued) Self-actualization: The self-motivated striving to reach one’s potential. Client-centered therapy: Most widely used humanistic technique.

Psychoanalytic Perspective: Chapter 1 Psychoanalytic Perspective: * Stresses the influence of unconscious forces on human behavior. EX: Sigmund Freud Today, psychologists focus less on sexual impulses and more on conscious choice and self-direction.

Learning/Behavioral Perspective: Chapter 1 Learning/Behavioral Perspective: Emphasis the effects of experience on behavior. Social-learning theory: Suggest that people can change their environments or create new ones. Believe behavior is learned either from direct experience or by observing other people.

Sociocultural Perspective: Chapter 1 Sociocultural Perspective: Studies the influence of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status on behavior and mental processes.

Sociocultural Psychologists study the following topics: Chapter 1 Sociocultural Psychologists study the following topics: Ethnic groups: A group united by cultural heritage, race, language, or common history. Gender: State of being male or being female; gender roles Prejudice

Chapter 1 Out of the 7 psychological perspectives, which one do you favor the most AND explain why!