The Other Paris Treaties

Treaty of St. Germain 1919 - Signed with Austria - Recognized Czechoslovakia (3 million Germans) - Creation of Yugoslavia - Poland gained Galicia - Italy received South Tyrol, Trentino, and Istria - Romania obtained Transylvania - Forbidden alliances / Anschluss - Reparations, arms limitations

Treaty of Trianon 1920 - Signed with Hungary in 1920 due to communist state leadership in 1919 (overthrown and replaced) - Czech received Ruthenia and Slovakia - Croatia and Slovenia joined Yugoslavia - Romania received Transylvania - Reparations and arms limitations Romania became a buffer state Hungary loses almost half of its territory

Treaty of Neuilly 1919 - Signed with Bulgaria, Joined WWI 1915 in support of Central Powers - Loss of access to the Aegean Sea(benefited Greece) - Macedonia was returned to Greece Bulgaria recognized Yugoslavia GRANTED land (part of western Turkey p. 59 text) Reparations and arms limitations Discussion: why do you think they were treated so leniently?

Treaty of Neuilly 1919 Europe 1914

Treaty of Neuilly 1919 - How significant were Austrian territorial losses? - Identify the emerging countries out of A/H. - Identify the territory lost by Bulgaria and gained by Greece.

Treaty of Sevres 1920 - Due to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire Signed with Turkey to establish borders with S- D in mind and prevent confrontations Lost territory in N Africa, Middle East, parts of Turkey - Difficult to implement - Greco-Turkish War broke out Resulted in abdication of King Constantine, abolition of the Sultanate, emergence of Ataturk - Resulted in revision in 1923

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk A Turkish nationalist Brought an uprising against the government who signed the Treaty 1922: marches on Constantinople (Istanbul), wants a new government and new treaty Britain and France (and League of Nations) did nothing to uphold the old treaty as they didn’t want to get pulled into another war Ataturk becomes the first president of Turkey

Treaty of Lausanne 1923 Treaty of Sevres was too harsh Lausanne 1923 returned: -East Thrace to Turkey -Sovereignty to the Bosphorus straights - Withdrawal of foreign troops Reparations and de-militarizations were removed *** The rest of the world now saw the interest of the major powers in UPHOLDING the treaties***

Treaties and the Middle East Review: what was the Sykes-Picot Agreement? The Balfour Declaration? Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aiwdiCo7990

Discussion In what ways was the successful Turkish challenge to the Treaty of Sevres a threat to international order?

Back to Versailles ACRONYM: BRAT 1.   Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war (Clause 231).  This was vital because it provided the justification for... 2.   Germany had to pay £6,600 million (called Reparations) for the damage done during the war. 3.   Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force.   She could have a navy of only six battleships, and an Army of just 100,000 men.   In addition, Germany was not allowed to place any troops in the Rhineland, the strip of land, 50 miles wide, next to France. 4.   Germany lost Territory (land) in Europe (see map, below). Germany’s colonies were given to Britain and France.

Treaty of Versailles Main areas of discussion at Paris: - Blame - Reparations - Army - Territory - Also… League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles Blame - Directly connected to reparations - Few denied German responsibility - The Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of War and on Enforcement of Penalties decided. (Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Belgium, Greece, Poland, Romania, and Serbia)

Treaty of Versailles Blame

Treaty of Versailles Reparations

Treaty of Versailles Reparations - 3 important questions: 1. What type of damage and cost would compose reparations? 2. What final figure would Gemany have to pay? 3. In what ways would Germany Pay?

Treaty of Versailles Reparations - Article 232: Allied compensation for Allied civilians - Compensation for the violation of the Treaty of London (1839; recognizing the independence and neutrality of Belgium) - Each nation looked at reparations differently

Treaty of Versailles Reparations Q: With reference to their origins and purpose, assess the value and limitations of Source B and C for historians studying the discussions on reparations held at Versailles.

Treaty of Versailles Reparations - A definite figure of Reparations was not presented to Germany until 1921, 6.6 billion Pounds - When the TOV was signed by Germany in June 1919, it essentially signed a 'Blank Cheque'

Treaty of Versailles In what ways was Germany to pay? - Gold reserves, goods, coal, cattle, fishing boats, etc

Treaty of Versailles In what ways was Germany to pay? What is the message conveyed in Source D?

Treaty of Versailles In what ways was Germany to pay? What is the message conveyed in Source E? In what ways does Source D differ from Source E? Why do you think this is the case?

Treaty of Versailles The Redestribution of territories in Europe - Self-determination was desirable but not always possible - Limited by economics and issues of what defined nationalities, among other factors

Treaty of Versailles The Redestribution of territories in Europe

Treaty of Versailles The Redestribution of territories in Europe How significant are these territorial changes for Germany?

Treaty of Versailles Army - Germany was to disarm to the lowest levels comparable with internal security - Weapons were destroyed - Forbidden to have submaries, an air force, armoured cars or tanks and an army of 100 000 men - Allied troops occupied the Rhine - Conscription was banned

Treaty of Versailles Disarmament What is the message conveyed in Source F?

TOV Review - Animated Map Interactive Map http://web.colby.edu/rmscheck/contents/GermanyC1/ Discussion paragraph for next class: to what extent, according to the article above, was Germany responsible for World War One? What impact did this have on the Treaty of Versailles?

Treaty of Versailles German Reaction - Germans denounced the treaty as, "Diktat" a betrayal of WW's 14 points - Main objections: 1. Blank Cheque 2. Article 231 3. Eastern Territorial losses 4. Disarmament 5. Exclusion from the League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles German Reaction - 'November Criminals' - President Ebert signed the "Scrap of paper," TOV - The Allies had won the war but lost the peace.

Treaty of Versailles German Reaction How different were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles to Wilson's Fourteen Points and how significant, if at all, was the difference?

Treaty of Versailles German Reaction What is the message conveyed by Source G?