© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.5: Deep Muscles of the Thorax: Breathing Two phases of breathing: inspiration (inhaling) and expiration (exhaling) Inspiratory muscles include diaphragm and external intercostals Contraction of these muscles enlarges rib cage Diaphragm divides thoracic and abdominal cavities Expiration brought on by relaxation of inspiratory muscles, as well as contraction of internal intercostals Relaxation of muscles decreases size of rib cage © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.5 Deep Muscles of the Thorax: Breathing © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.11a Muscles of respiration. External intercostal Internal intercostal © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.5 Deep Muscles of the Thorax: Breathing © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.11b Muscles of respiration. Xiphoid process of sternum Foramen for inferior vena cava Foramen for esophagus Costal cartilage Central tendon of diaphragm Diaphragm Foramen for aorta Lumbar vertebra Lumbar vertebra 12th rib Quadratus lumborum Psoas major © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.11c Muscles of respiration. Central tendon of diaphragm Body of thoracic vertebra Pericardium (cut) Aorta Diaphragm (muscular part) Inferior vena cava Esophagus Pericardial sac © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.6: Muscles of the Abdominal Wall: Trunk Movements and Compression of Abdominal Viscera Four paired muscles: their fasciae and aponeuroses form lateral and anterior abdominal wall Rectus abdominis External obliques Internal obliques Transversus abdominis © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.6: Muscles of the Abdominal Wall: Trunk Movements and Compression of Abdominal Viscera (cont.) Fascicles run at angles to one another, provide added strength All innervated by intercostal nerves Actions of these muscles Lateral flexion and rotation of trunk Help promote urination, defecation, childbirth, vomiting, coughing, and screaming © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.6 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall: Trunk Movements and Compression of Abdominal Viscera © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.12a Muscles of the abdominal wall. Pectoralis major Serratus anterior Linea alba Tendinous intersection Transversus abdominis Rectus abdominis Internal oblique External oblique Aponeurosis of the external oblique Inguinal ligament (formed by free inferior border of the external oblique aponeurosis) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.12b Muscles of the abdominal wall. Rectus abdominis External oblique Lumbar fascia Lumbar fascia Internal oblique IIiac crest Transversus abdominis Inguinal ligament Pubic tubercle © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.12c Muscles of the abdominal wall. Peritoneum Linea alba Transversus abdominis Rectus abdominis Internal oblique External oblique Aponeuroses Skin © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.7: Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum: Support of Abdominopelvic Organs Muscles of the pelvic diaphragm Composed of two paired muscles Levator ani Coccygeus Both are innervated by sacral nerves Functions of pelvic diaphragm Seals inferior outlet of pelvis Supports pelvic organs Lifts pelvic floor to help release feces Resists increased intra-abdominal pressure © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.7 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum: Support of Abdominopelvic Organs © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.13a Muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum. Anterior Pubococcygeus Symphysis pubis Levator ani IIiococcygeus Urogenital diaphragm Urethra Vagina Anal canal Obturator internus Coccyx Piriformis Levator ani Pelvic diaphragm Coccygeus Coccygeus Posterior © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.7: Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum: Support of Abdominopelvic Organs (cont.) Muscles of the urogenital diaphragm Anterior half of perineum, inferior to pelvic floor Deep transverse perineal muscle Contains external urethral sphincter (voluntary control of urination) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.7 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum: Support of Abdominopelvic Organs © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.13b Muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum. Inferior pubic ramus External urethral sphincter Urethral opening Deep transverse perineal muscle Vaginal opening Central tendon Anus External anal sphincter Male Female © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.7: Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum: Support of Abdominopelvic Organs (cont.) Muscles of superficial perineal space Ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus help maintain erection of penis and clitoris Superficial transverse perineal muscles External anal sphincter is located in posterior half of perineum Allows voluntary control of defecation Central tendon of perineum Strong tendon that many perineal muscles insert into © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.7 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum: Support of Abdominopelvic Organs © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.13c Muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum. Penis Midline raphe Clitoris Ischiocavernosus Urethral opening Bulbospongiosus Superficial transverse perineal muscle Vaginal opening Levator ani Gluteus maximus Anus Male Female © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.8: Superficial Muscles of the Anterior and Posterior Thorax: Movements of the Scapula and Arm Most are extrinsic shoulder muscles Act in combination to fix shoulder girdle (mostly scapula); move it to increase range of arm movements Actions: elevation, depression, rotation, lateral and medial movements, protraction, and retraction Two groups of muscles Muscles of the anterior thorax Muscles of the posterior thorax © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.8-1 Superficial Muscles of the Anterior and Posterior Thorax: Movements of the Scapula and Arm © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Sternocleidomastoid Subclavius Clavicle Subscapularis Deltoid Figure 10.14a Superficial muscles of the thorax and shoulder acting on the scapula and arm. Sternocleidomastoid Subclavius Clavicle Subscapularis Deltoid Pectoralis minor Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis Sternum Serratus anterior Biceps brachii Humerus © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Internal intercostals (seen through external intercostal membranes) Figure 10.14b Superficial muscles of the thorax and shoulder acting on the scapula and arm. Sternocleidomastoid Deltoid Subclavius Cephalic vein Pectoralis minor Coracobrachialis Pectoralis major Biceps brachii Internal intercostals (seen through external intercostal membranes) External oblique Serratus anterior Rectus abdominis © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 10.8-2 Superficial Muscles of the Anterior and Posterior Thorax: Movements of the Scapula and Arm (continued) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Levator scapulae Supraspinatus Trapezius Clavicle Deltoid Figure 10.14c Superficial muscles of the thorax and shoulder acting on the scapula and arm. Levator scapulae Trapezius Supraspinatus Clavicle Deltoid Spine of scapula Rhomboid minor Infraspinatus Rhomboid major Teres minor Teres major Humerus Latissimus dorsi © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Trapezius Deltoid Teres major Triceps brachii Latissimus dorsi Figure 10.14d Superficial muscles of the thorax and shoulder acting on the scapula and arm. Trapezius Deltoid Teres major Triceps brachii Latissimus dorsi © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Levator scapulae Rhomboid minor Deltoid Infraspinatus Teres minor Figure 10.14e Superficial muscles of the thorax and shoulder acting on the scapula and arm. Levator scapulae Rhomboid minor Deltoid Infraspinatus Teres minor Rhomboid major Teres major Latissimus dorsi © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.