Early humans

Talk to text Green- understand or its interesting Yellow-have a question/curious about something Pink- confused about/don’t understand Blue- vocabulary words and write the definition Read pages 1-5 in 1.1 on Rise of Humans. Talk to text

What is Archaeology? Written by Lin Donn Illustrated by Phillip Martin

What is the difference between a fossil and artifact? Fossils/Artifacts What is the difference between a fossil and artifact? An archaeologist is someone who tries to figure out what life was like in the ancient past by looking at the remains of ancient people – their fossils and their artifacts. An archaeologist must know the difference between an artifact and a fossil. Define: Fossil Artifacts Fossils are remains of living things (plants, animals, people), not of things that were made. Artifacts are remains of things that were made, not the remains of living things.

What is a site? A "site" is a place archaeologists wish to explore. At the site, archaeologists literally dig, looking for the remains of ancient civilizations. That is why they call the site at which they are working a “dig”.

Finding a site How do archaeologists find sites to explore? 1. They think about what people need to stay alive. Some of those things include access to clean drinking water, a protected place to live, and easy access to trade routes. With this in mind, archaeologists look for remains of civilizations along the banks of rivers and streams.

How would you find a dig site? What clues would you use? Finding a site How would you find a dig site? What clues would you use? 2. They check out reports of artifacts that have been discovered. Artifacts have been discovered by farmers and construction companies while working at their jobs. 3. They check the land from the air, looking for large depressions that could be the ruins of an ancient living area. 4. They use scientific instruments like radar and sonar to look for ruins.

Permission to Dig An archaeologist must receive permission to explore a site.  The owner of the land must grant sometimes permission. Sometimes the government of a country must issue permits.  Once permission is received, archaeologists work in teams with other archaeologists. A team begins to explore the area. They look for evidence that people once lived in the area. Evidence includes fossils and artifacts.

Grids & Labeling Before they begin digging, archaeologists design a grid on the ground using rope and string. Each square in the grid must be carefully searched. A record must be kept of anything found, including what was found next to it.

Give some examples of the tools of the trade The tools they use are sometimes very simple. Tools include trowels, brushes, spoons, dental picks, sieves, saws, dustpans, and wheelbarrows. They search each grid very carefully. Digging at a site is slow and careful work. Give some examples of the tools of the trade

Back in the Lab Once objects are labeled and removed from a site, they are taken to a lab, relabeled, and placed into a database. Archaeologists use this information to put together pieces of the past. It takes a great deal of education, training, patience, and attention to detail to work as an archaeologist.

What is it? The job of an archaeologist is a great deal like the job of a detective. Here are some puzzles for you to solve. While planting my garden, I found a three-foot long bone made out of stone. Did I find a fossil or an artifact? While exploring in the woods near my house, I found an old arrowhead. Did I find a fossil or an artifact? Answers: A fossil An artifact

Vocabulary for early humans Hominid- an early ancestor of humans Fertile Crescent- an arc-shaped region in Southwest Asia, with rich soil Bipedal- an animal that walks on two feet Archaeologist- an expert who studies the past by examining objects that people have left behind Homo Sapiens-  scientific term for human beings Tool- an object that has been modified to help a person accomplish a task Anthropologist- a scientist who studies human development and culture Culture-the knowledge, beliefs, customs, and values of a group of people Fossil- a part or imprint of something that was once alive Prehistoric- the time before there was written record. Artifact- an object created and used by humans

How did we get the names of objects? Archaeologists found many artifacts (things from the past). Unfortunately, early humans were around before written language (prehistoric time) so they did not leave documents to explain all the objects that were left behind. Did we name everything correctly? Did we decide on the correct purpose or usage for these items? It's a Dinglehopper!

Bill nye the science guy! Archaeology Take video notes as you watch Bill Nye! Archaeology- Bill Nye

Hominids are the family of mankind and his or her relatives. The First Humans Hominids are the family of mankind and his or her relatives. Written by Lin Donn Illustrated by Phillip Martin

65 Million Years Ago No matter what you may have seen in the movies, early man did not live during the same period in history as dinosaurs! Dinosaurs died out about 65 million years ago. The first human like hominids did not appear until around 3 million years ago. Not that early man had it easy, but he did not have to fight dinosaurs!

3 Million Years Ago 3 million years ago, our planet was teeming with life! There were deer, giraffes, hyenas, sheep, goats, horses, elephants, camels, beavers, cave lions, ants, termites, woolly mammoths, saber-toothed tigers, giant sharks, dogs with huge teeth, and all kinds of birds and plants and fish.

Very Early Humans It was during this time that the higher primates, including apes and early man, first appeared. There was a difference between apes and man. Early human-like hominids could stand upright. Apes could not. Their hands were different, too. Ape hands were made for climbing and clinging. Man’s hands were jointed differently, which allowed them to make and use tools.

Very Early Humans Lucy told them! How do scientists know about an early man who lived 3 million years ago? Lucy told them!

Lucy In 1974, a skeleton was found in Africa. The bones were those of a female, about 20 years old or so when she died. Scientists named her Lucy. About 3 million years ago, when Lucy was alive, she was about 4 feet tall and weighed about 50 pounds. Scientists suspect that she fell into a lake or river and drowned. Scientists are like detectives. They can tell a great deal from a skeleton, whether it's one year old or 3 million years old!

Fossils & Artifacts Scientists use many clues to help them put pieces of the past together. One thing they must know is the difference between a fossil and an artifact. Fossils are remains of living things (plants, animals, people), not things that were made. Artifacts are remains of things that were made, not remains of living things.

Define: Stone Age AND Hunters & Gatherers Handy Man The Stone Age refers to the materials used to make man-made tools. In the Stone Age, man made tools out of stone. “Handy Man” was one of the first hominids to use stone tools. Define: Stone Age AND Hunters & Gatherers Hunters & Gatherers: The Old Stone Age people were hunters/gatherers. We know this because scientists have found fossils and artifacts, which reveal traces of their life. These people did not plant crops. They gathered wild fruits, nuts, berries, and vegetables.

Handy Man These early human-like hominids were taller and smarter than Lucy’s people, but they did not know how to make fire. When they broke camp, they probably tried to bring fire with them by carrying lit branches to use to start a new campfire. If their branches went out, they did without fire until they found something burning.

Why was the ability to make fire so important? Upright Man Many years passed. Another group of man was born. Scientists nicknamed this group “Upright Man”. Upright Man did know how to make fire. That changed everything! People began to cook their food, which helped to reduce disease. People collected around the fire each night, to share stories of the day's hunt and activities, which helped to develop a spirit of community.

Upright Man These Stone Age people were about the same size as modern humans. Their tool-making skills were considerably improved. Their weapons included stone axes and knives. Because Upright Man could make fire, he was free to move about in search of food. He did not have to worry about freezing. He made warm clothes from animal skins. At night, he built a campfire to cook his food and to stay warm.

How could early humans travel from Africa to Australia without a boat? Man Leaves Home About one million years ago, Upright Man began to slowly leave Africa. These early people began to populate the world. How could early humans travel from Africa to Australia without a boat? They did not need a boat. The Ice Age was here! They traveled across giant walkways of frozen ice, over what later would become vast rivers and seas. Scientists have found artifacts of their tools and weapons, which help us to understand how they lived, where they went, and how they got there.

Neanderthals One day, scientists found a new skeleton. This skeleton was from another group of early men. Scientists named this man Neanderthal man, after the valley in which the skeleton had been found. Scientists announced that these early men were dim-witted brutes, who walked with bent knees, with their heads slung forward on their big necks. Could these early people really be our ancestors?

Neanderthals But scientists had made a mistake! The bones were bent because they were part of the skeleton of an old man suffering from arthritis! Arthritis is a disease that bends and cripples bones.

Neanderthals Still, Neanderthals were different from other species of early humans. They were tall and smart, and used caves as their homes. They were great hunters. Considering how smart they were, and how advanced for their time, scientists are puzzled that the Neanderthals were one of the early species of man to die out. Many species of man died out in these early days. But why the Neanderthals? It is a history mystery.

Cro-Magnon Man Another group of early men stood out during this period. Scientists nicknamed this group “Cro-Magnon man”. Cro-Magnon man lived in Europe. This group did not live a life of constant struggle for survival because they worked together to provide food for their tribe.

Cro-Magnon Man These Stone Age people learned to cure and store food for the long winter. They used traps, which allowed them to catch food while they were busy doing something else. Fisherman used nets woven from vines and fishhooks. Some groups built rafts and canoes to catch bigger fish in deeper waters. They made clothing and jewelry. They invented the bow and arrow.

Cave Paintings Cro-Magnon man did something rather unusual. For some reason, he drew paintings deep inside dark caves, on cave walls. His paintings were added to the paintings already on the cave walls, left by other Cro-Magnon men. Over time, a cave might accumulate hundreds of paintings. Colors used most often were brown, yellow/tan, dark red, and coal black.

What did Cro-Magnon man paint on cave walls? Cave Paintings Animals were well drawn and filled in with natural colors to give them even more shape and substance. They drew stick figures for hunters. They drew stencils of hands.

Cave Paintings To reach the deepest part of the cave, where other paintings could be found, Cro-Magnon man had to crawl through the maze like tunnels of the cave, holding a spoon-like oil lamp to light his way, while carrying his carefully prepared paints. Teacher Notes: To avoid being burned, and to avoid having the lamp go out, it had to balanced carefully to hold the burning oil inside the rounded part of the spoon-like oil lamp.

Why did Cro-Magnon man paint on cave walls? A Mystery Why did Cro-Magnon man paint on cave walls? It was quite dangerous. Cro-Magnon man had no idea if he might run into a cave lion. He might fall into a hole and die. Why did he do it? Perhaps it was a coming of age ceremony, or perhaps it served a religious purpose. Maybe it was a sort of, “I was here.” There are many history mysteries. This is one of them.

What was so special about the cave in Lascaux France? The existence of cave paintings was discovered by accident. Around 1940, during World War II, some kids were playing in a field in Lascaux, France. They stumbled across a cave entrance. It had been hidden by the tree roots. The walls were covered with cave paintings! Teacher Notes: Caves with paintings in them have been found in many parts of the world. There are probably more caves to be discovered. Once people knew the paintings existed, they looked for more such caves, and found them.

Recap We know about early Stone Age people because scientists have found fossils and artifacts that reveal traces of their life. Man went through many stages to evolve into the humans of today! Since this evolution covers roughly 3 million years, you might say it took man a long time to grow up!

Early Humans Questions What is a hunter-gatherer? What is a Stone Age? Why was the ability to make fire so important? How could early humans travel from Africa to Australia without a boat? What did Cro-Magnon man paint on cave walls? Why did Cro-Magnon man paint on cave walls? Answers: Someone who gathers food growing wild, and hunts for food. A time in history when tools were made from stone Fire helped people survive. Fire was a source of heat, to stay warm in the Ice Age. Fire let them cook their food, which reduced the incident of disease. The ability to make fire allowed them to live and move about freely, in search of food and shelter, knowing they could relight a fire when needed. It was the Ice Age. They walked. Stick figures of people, well drawn animals, and stencil drawings of human hand prints No one knows. It’s a history mystery. Archaeologists have put many pieces of the past together. But there are many pieces yet to be discovered.

Talk to Text and 1.2 Questions Read pages 3-7 in Discovery Education. Answer the questions on the worksheet. When done, read pages 1-7 again and highlight using “talk-to-text” strategy. Green- understand or its interesting Yellow-have a question/curious about something Pink- confused about/don’t understand Blue- vocabulary words and write the definition

Archaeologist evidence cave art With your table, go to my weebly and click under the social studies tab  then under Early Humans, there is a slide show of pictures. Each table has a different picture. Analyze the picture you are assigned to by answering the questions on your worksheet. Table 1 – picture 1 Table 2- picture 2 Table 3- picture 3 Table 4- picture 4 Table 5- picture 5 Table 6- picture 6 Table 7- picture 7 Table 8- picture 1

Lascaux cave paintings http://www.lascaux.culture.fr/?lng=en#/fr/00.xml

Cave art! Pick one Disney movie to draw for your cave art. Draw one scene from the movie that you pick You can only use Red, Brown, Blue, Purple, Green, and Gray Topics: Brave Frozen Wreck-It Ralph Wall-E Lion King Cinderella

Lucy the hominid Who is lucy? Lucy in the sky with Diamonds

Early humans vocabulary part 2 City- state- an independent kingdom or state made up of a city and the surrounding lands it controls.  Nomadic- the lifestyle of people who live a mobile, or wandering, existence. They do not settle in one place. Levee- ridge or embankment built along the edges of a river or stream to prevent flooding. They are  usually made of mounded dirt with grass or other vegetation planted on top Natural resource-  substances, materials, and living things that occur on or within the earth and that have economic value. These can include natural gas, fish, and forests Euphrates River-  the longest river in Southwest Asia, runs about 1,700 miles from Turkey to the Persian Gulf. Nile River-  earth’s longest river, flowing 4,132 miles.  It starts near the Equator to its delta in the Mediterranean Sea Tigris River-  together with the Euphrates River, makes up the Tigris-Euphrates river system. It is within 50 miles of the Euphrates River.  Agriculture- farming   Architecture-  human-made structures. It often refers to the design of buildings

Horrible histories Horrible Histories: Savage Stone Age

Flintstones: fiction -or- nonfiction