Chapter 7: The Civilizations of Asia & Africa I. India

India Topography River systems Many peoples, customs, languages

Early Civilization Leading cities: Trade Mohenjo-Daro Harappa Trade Indus civilization ended suddenly

Early Civilization Aryans Sanskrit Vedas

Key Features of Indian Society Joint family Village life Castes Very rigid Four broad classes Untouchables

Religion Hinduism Unifying influence No formal system of doctrine Basic tenets found in Vedas and Upanishads Brahman Wheel of life

Religion Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama Four Noble Truths

Four Noble Truths Suffering is part of all existence. Suffering has a cause— selfish desires. Suffering can be overcome by destroying selfish desires.

Four Noble Truths 4. If a man follows the Eightfold Path, he will destroy selfish desires and end all suffering.

Religion Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama Four Noble Truths Built on works and moral behavior Nirvana

Lack of Political Unity Mauryan Empire Chandragupta Maurya Asoka All of India but the southern tip Renounced war and converted to Buddhism Spread Buddhism

Lack of Political Unity Gupta Empire 4th century AD Era of prosperity and achievement Arts and sciences Kalidasa Collapsed in 6th century White Huns

Lack of Political Unity Northern India fell to Muslim domination Established a kingdom in 1206 Conflict in society Hostilities continue to the present day

Chapter 7: The Civilizations of Asia & Africa II. China

The Land Middle Kingdom Land size slightly smaller than the United States Major river systems Huang He Yangtze

The Land Remained isolated Unique and stable culture Pacific Ocean Himalayan Mountains Gobi Desert Unique and stable culture

Societal Features Strong Family Ties Family the center of life Ancestor worship

Societal Features Language and Learning Tonal quality Common written language 65,000 characters Difficult to learn A “scholar’s world” Civil service examinations

Chinese Thought and Life Confucianism Confucius was a teacher System of ethics Five basic human relationships

Five Basic Human Relationships Father and son Elder and younger brothers Husband and wife Friend and friend Ruler and subjects

Chinese Thought and Life Confucianism Confucius was a teacher System of ethics Five basic human relationships The major defect

Chinese Thought and Life Taoism Lao-tzu Tao is the pervading force in nature Simple, inactive lifestyle Conflicts in some ways with Confucianism

Dynastic History Dynastic cycle Shang Dynasty Began around 1500 BC United much of northern China

Dynastic History Zhou Dynasty Began around 1000 BC Lasted over 800 years Classical, formative age Decentralized government

Dynastic History Qin Dynasty Qin Shi Huang (r. 247-210) United provinces under one strong centralized government Began construction of Great Wall His tomb

Dynastic History Han Dynasty Established 202 BC Wu Ti Civil service system Pax Sinica Trade routes opened

Dynastic History Tang Dynasty Came to power in AD 618 A golden age Chinese poetry Li Po Collapsed shortly after 900

Dynastic History Song Dynasty Politically weak Trade and culture flourished

Chinese Culture & the Western World China resisted the introduction of foreign elements Westerners sought their goods Discoveries and inventions

Chapter 7: The Civilizations of Asia & Africa III. Japan

Early History Little is known Clans Yamato clan Shintoism Legends and myths Clans Yamato clan Unified Japanese state Jimmu Tenno Shintoism

Influence of China Invasion ideas, learning, and art 5th-8th centuries Chinese writing system Buddhism Prince Shotoku

Influence of China Extended power of emperor Powerful families Taika Reform Capital at Nara Powerful families Fujiwara

Rise of the Samurai Central government had become corrupt Yoritomo became supreme military leader Shogun Warrior state 1192-1868

Rise of the Samurai Samurai Training Bushido Hara-kiri

Chapter 7: The Civilizations of Asia & Africa IV. The Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire Warriors from central Asia Huns Turks Mongols Largest land empire in history

Building The Mongol Empire Temujin United all the Mongol tribes “Chinggis Khan” Conquered much of Asia Northern China Central Asia Persia Southern Russia

Building The Mongol Empire The Mongol army Could strike with great speed Expert horsemen Terrorized peoples Empire became too large for one man to rule

Yuan Dynasty in China 1279-1368 Completed by Kublai Khan Marco Polo Conquered southern China Established Mongol (Yuan) dynasty to rule all of China Moved capital to Beijing Marco Polo

Yuan Dynasty in China After Kublai’s death: Mongol empire in Asia became fragmented His descendants ruled China Rebellion broke out in China Mongol rulers driven out Beginning of Ming dynasty

Golden Horde in Russia Batu Khan Conquered Russia and moved into Hungary and Poland Tartars “Golden Horde” 250 years

Golden Horde in Russia Moscow becomes capital Ivan III Location Grand Prince Orthodox Church Ivan III

Later Mongol Empires Tamerlane’s Empire Central Asia New invasions Able, but cruel His empire collapsed shortly after his death

Later Mongol Empires Mughal Empire in India Babur invaded northern India Mughal dynasty Akbar Expanded the empire Slaughtered Hindus in the name of Islam

Chapter 7: The Civilizations of Asia & Africa V. Africa

Africa Second largest continent Sub-Saharan Africa

Ancient African Civilization Kingdom of Kush Conquered Egypt Driven out by Assyrians Aksum Defeated Kushites around AD 330 Frumentius

Central and Western Africa Kanem and Bornu On Lake Chad Kingdoms of Western Africa Ghana (ca. 700-1200)

Central and Western Africa Kingdoms of Western Africa Mali (1200-1500) Mansa Musa Pilgrimage to Mecca Timbuktu Center of learning Songhai (ended 1591)

East African City-States Trading ports Grew wealthy and cultured Common culture Swahili language

Forest Kingdoms Records are scarce Kingdom of Benin Artistic accomplishments

African Culture Family was foundational Polygamy was common Clan Tribe

African Culture Religious beliefs Trade Forms of Christianity Islam Tribal religions Trade Caravan trade European sailors Slave trade