Fundamentals of Corporate Finance Sixth Edition Richard A. Brealey Stewart C. Myers Alan J. Marcus Chapter 9 Project Analysis Slides by Matthew Will McGraw Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

Topics Covered How Firms Organize the Investment Process Some “What If” Questions Sensitivity Analysis Scenario Analysis Break Even Analysis Real Options and the Value of Flexibility 2

Capital Budgeting Process Capital Budget - The list of planned investment projects. The Decision Process Develop and rank all investment projects = The Capital Budget Authorize projects based on: Outlays required by law or company policy Maintenance or cost reduction Capacity expansion in existing business Investment for new products 4

Capital Budgeting Process Capital Budgeting Problems Ensuring that forecasts are consistent Eliminating conflicts of interest Reducing forecast bias Sorting the wheat from the chaff - Selection criteria (NPV and others) 5

How To Handle Uncertainty Sensitivity Analysis - Analysis of the effects on project profitability of changes in sales, costs, etc. Scenario Analysis - Project analysis given a particular combination of assumptions. Simulation Analysis - Estimation of the probabilities of different possible outcomes. Break Even Analysis - Analysis of the level of sales at which the company breaks even. 6

Sensitivity Analysis Example Given the expected cash flow forecasts listed on the next slide, determine the NPV of the project given changes in the cash flow components using an 8% cost of capital. Assume that all variables remain constant, except the one you are changing. 7

Sensitivity Analysis Example – continued (,000s) NPV= $478 8

Sensitivity Analysis Example - continued Possible Outcomes 9

Sensitivity Analysis Example - continued NPV Calculations for Pessimistic Investment Scenario NPV= ($121) 10

Sensitivity Analysis Example - continued NPV Possibilities 11

Scenario Analysis Example - continued Cash Flows (years 1-12) 11

Break Even Analysis Example Given the forecasted data on the next slide, determine the number of planes that the company must produce in order to break even, on an NPV basis. The company’s cost of capital is 10%. 12

Break Even Analysis 13

Break Even Analysis Answer (Accounting) The break even point, is the # of Planes Sold where the fixed costs and depreciation = $0. 46 planes per year must be sold…or 280 planes over 6 years. 14

Break Even Analysis Answer (Finance) The break even point, is the # of Planes Sold that generates a NPV=$0. The present value annuity factor of a 6 year cash flow at 10% is 4.355 Thus, 14

Break Even Analysis Answer Solving for “Planes Sold” 15

Operating Leverage Operating Leverage- The degree to which costs are fixed. Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL) - Percentage change in profits given a 1 percent change in sales. 16

Operating Leverage Example - A company has sales outcomes that range from $16mil to $19 mil, Depending on the economy. The same conditions can produce profits in the range from $550,000 to $1,112,000. What is the DOL? 18

Flexibility & Real Options Decision Trees - Diagram of sequential decisions and possible outcomes. Decision trees help companies determine their Options by showing the various choices and outcomes. The Option to avoid a loss or produce extra profit has value. The ability to create an Option thus has value that can be bought or sold. 19

Decision Trees Success Test (Invest $200,000) Pursue project NPV=$2million Failure Stop project NPV=0 Don’t test NPV=0

Real Options Option to expand Option to abandon Timing option Flexible production facilities 19

Web Resources www.jaxworks.com www.crystalball.com www.toolkit.cch.com www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_eva.html www.decisioneering.com