PROSIMIANS & ANTHROPOIDS

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PROSIMIANS & ANTHROPOIDS PRIMATE EVOLUTION PROSIMIANS & ANTHROPOIDS

Primate classification Kingdom: Animal Phylum: Chordate Subphylum Vertebrates Class: Mammals Order: Primates

THE POSSIBLE ANCESTOR -TYPE OF THE PRIMATES TREE SHREW THE POSSIBLE ANCESTOR -TYPE OF THE PRIMATES generalized

PROSIMIANS Aye-aye Galago Unit: Female-offspring Ring-tailed lemur Indri Unit: Multi male/multi-female Tarsier

PRIMATE TRENDS 5 DIGITS GRASPING / OPPOSABLE THUMB & BIG TOE NO CLAWS TACTILE PADS STEREO-SCOPIC VISION & TOUCh OVER SMELL Rotating Forearm / DEVELOPED CLAVICLE Arboreal adaptation

PRIMATE TRENDS, cont. INVESTMENT COMPLEXITY &SIZE PARENTAL INCREASES BRAIN Increases - COMPLEXITY &SIZE SOCIALITY – SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE

PRIMATE DERIVED CHARACTERISTICS, cont. REDUCTION IN NUMBER OF TEETH SPECIALIZED TEETH (heterodont)

PRIMATE DERIVED CHARACTERISTICS, cont. INCREASED BIRTH EFFICIENCY LONG GESTATIONAL PERIOD REDUCED LITTER SIZE INCREASED INFANT DEPENDENCY INCREASED COMPLEXITY IN SOCIAL BEHAVIOR HEMOCHORIAL PLACENTA LONGER DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES FLEXIBLE INELLIGENCE

PRIMATE DERIVED CHARACTERISTICS, cont. *BRAIN INCREASES IN SIZE *AND COMPLEXITY *SMELLING REDUCED *STEREOSCOPIC VISION *REDUCTION IN SNOUT AND FACE *EYES ROTATED FORWARD *POST-ORBITAL BAR/SOCKET

PROSIMIANS Grooming claws Nocturnal & Diurnal Scent marking Aye-ayes rodents? Leaping & clinging Tarsiers turn heads 180 degrees Have tails

BUSHBABIES

Prosimians, cont. SIFAKAS

NEW WORLD MONKEYS: CEBIDS or Platyrrhine - PREHENSILE TAIL - BRACHIATORS - ROUND NOSTRILS - NOT CONSIDERED ANCESTRAL TO MAN -3 PREMOLARS

Platyrrhines: 2 Types of New World Monkeys CALLITHRICIDS CEBIDS Smaller Larger Claws Nails Twins common 1 offspring Infant care by males More fruit,less Eats mostly insects insects and fruit

OLD WORLD PRIMATE CHARACTERISTICS NARROW SEPTUM AND SHARP NOSE (CATARRHINE NOSE) TERRESTRIAL AND ARBOREAL TYPES ISHIALCALLOSITIES GREATER SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN TERRESTRIALS FEMALE SEXUAL SKIN MANY OMNIVOROUS SOME CHEEK POUCHES TAILS – not prehensile

OLD WORLD MONKEYS CATTARRHINES CERCOPITHECOIDEA Colobus monkeys Hamadryas Baboon Japanese Macaques Rhesus monkeys

SNOW MONKEYS Young females were the most innovative, venturing into the water first and learning to wash their food. Enculturation continues.

SNOW MONKEYS: Multimale BESIDES HUMANS, NO OTHER PRIMATE IS FOUND SO FAR NORTH AS THE JAPANESE MACAQUES.

BABOONS SAVANNA BABOON GROOMING SAVANNA BABOONS HAMYDRYAS BABOON FANG SAVANNA BABOON TROOP : Multi-male DISPLAY: Harem

GREAT APES GIBBONS AND SIAMANGS (LESSER) ORANGUTANS CHIMPANZEES AND BONOBOS GORILLAS HUMANS

GIBBONS / SIAMANGS BRACHIATION MONOGAMOUS PAIR

ORANGUTANS Males usually solitary

GORILLAS (studied by Dian Fossey) Tailless Vegetarian Knuckle-walkers PROMISCUOUS MULTIMALE / MULTIFEMALE LED BY SILVERBACK MALE

CHIMPANZEES TOOL USE OMNIVORES (BUT MOSTLY FRUIT) COOPERATIVE HUNTING PROMISCUOUS: Multimale/multifemale Knuckle-walkers Tailless

BONOBOS (pygmy chimps) LACKS TAIL, KNUCKLE WALKER FEMALE CENTERED SOCIETY EGALITARIAN SUBSTITUTES SEX FOR AGGRESSION OMNIVOROUS (But mostly fruit)

KNUCKLE –WALKING VS. BIPEDALISM

PRIMATE BEHAVIOR TERMS Grooming, autogrooming, grooming clusters Arboreal, terrestrial Sharing clusters Peripheralization Vocalization Agonistic behavior Dominance heirarchy Lactation Consort Pair

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