Reconstruction How would the South rebuild its economy and society after the four years of war? What should the role of government be in helping the 4 million slaves integrate into society? How should the confederate states be handled?

Reconstruction Lincoln’s Plan Oath of allegiance to the Union and the Constitution Accept the Emancipation of slaves State governments would be accepted as legitimate by the President as long as 10% of the voters took loyalty votes Each state would have to rewrite their constitutions and eliminate slavery Johnson’s Plan All former leaders of the Confederacy could not vote Johnson made use of his power to pardon. States had to revoke secession States had to ratify the XIII amendment The 11 states had complied with the requirements of reconstruction.

Reconstruction Congressional Republicans were angered by: Former confederates holding elective office The Southern implementation of the Black Codes.

Black Codes Allowed former slaves to: Marry fellow blacks Own personal property Sue and be sued Required former slaves to buy a license to work a craft Arrest and fine unemployed blacks Forbade former slaves to Serve on juries Vote Carry weapons without a license Hold public office Own land Travel without a permit Contract labor

Reconstruction Acts Ten states were divided into five military districts The army could use force to maintain the peace and protect civil rights Each state had to write a new constitution, members of the convention were elected by all males, constitutions had to guarantee suffrage to African-American males former Confederate officers were not allowed to participate. States had to ratify the XIV Amendment

Civil Rights Act of 1866, Amendment XIV and XV Civil Rights Act of 1866- African-Americans given the right to testify in court, own land, make contracts and exercise all the rights of white Americans Amendment XIV All persons born in the United States were naturalized citizens. States were forbidden from denying a person their rights without due process of law. All citizens were to enjoy equal protection under the law. States would lose representation in Congress in proportion to the number of citizens denied the right to vote Former Confederate officials could not hold office unless pardoned by 2/3 of Congres Former slave owners could not sue for the value of lost slaves Amendment XV Could not deny anyone the right to vote based on race, color or previous condition of servitude

Reconstruction Freedmen’s Bureau, provided food, shelter, medical aid, 3000 schools and legal help Tenure of Office Act 1867, required the President to get Congressional approval for removing any Federal official including cabinet members. Johnson vetoed, Congress overrode the veto. Johnson removes Stanton, congress impeaches Johnson

Election of 1868 Republicans nominated Ulysses S. Grant, party supported black suffrage in the South, favored radical reconstruction, and encouraged immigration and naturalization Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour,

Election of 1868, campaign Grant- didn’t campaign, theme, “Let us have peace.” “Bloody Shirt” Democrats were the party of secession and treason. Grant, war hero

Election of 1868, Results Ulysses S. Grant Horatio Seymour Party Republican Democrat Pop Vote 3,012,833 2,703,249 % Pop Vote 53% 47% Electoral Vote 214 80 States 26 8

Grant Administration Grant continued with reconstruction, 1872 dismantled the Freedmen’s bureau. Threatened the use of force against the Ku Klux Klan Civil Rights Act of 1875, declared unconstitutional 1883

Election of 1876 Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio. Platform permanent pacification of the south, land grants to railroads or other corporations. Democrats nominated Samuel Tilden, NY. Platform promised an honest and efficient government, tariff reform. Opposed land grants to railroads

Election of 1876, Problems Tilden wins popular vote, but the electoral votes of LA, SC and FL were in confusion, one electoral vote in Oregon was in dispute. Tilden led 184-166 in electoral votes, 1 vote shy of a majority. Congress established a 15 man electoral commission.

Election of 1876, Results All commission members voted along party lines, Hayes elected by one vote. Some threatened rebellion. Compromise of 1877- Hayes agrees to end the military occupation of the South and he will bring one Southern Democrat into his cabinet. Agrees to push for a southern transcontinental railroad. Ends reconstruction.