19th Jim Crow and Segregation - Chapter. 11, Section 3 By Mr. Bruce Diehl

I. Resistance and Repression Sharecropping – Share cropping took place after slavery ended. Most southern blacks worked on someone else’s land. Often this land was owned by former slave owners.

Colored Farmers’ National Alliance – This was an organization that worked to help southern black farmers. It threatened power of Democratic party in the south.

Exodusters – ”Pap” Singleton organized mass migration of southern blacks to Kansas.

By 1890 many methods were used to prevent southern blacks from voting in the south.

II. Disenfranchising African Americans Southern states found loopholes in the 15th Amendment Poll Taxes – required all citizens registering to pay a tax, too high for southern blacks to pay.

Literacy Tests – These were tests that voters may be required to take before voting. These test varied in difficulty depending on who was voting. Tougher tests were given to blacks.

Grandfather Clause – These clauses allowed poor, illiterate whites to vote. Because they had ancestors voting prior to 1867 they were exempt from poll taxes and literacy tests.

III. Legalizing Segregation In 1800s both north and south “Segregated” or separated the races. Laws that forced segregation were called Jim Crow Laws

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was overturned by the Supreme Court

In 1896 the supreme court ruled in Plessey V. Ferguson It stated segregation was legal. As long as it was “Separate but Equal” Laid foundation for discrimination in the South for more than 50 years.

Lynchings In the post reconstruction era, Lynching was common in the south. It was used as a method of intimidation by southern whites. There were hundreds between 1890 and 1899.

LYNCHING RATES IN THE US 1882 49 1883 53 1884 51 1885 74 1886 74 1887 70 1888 69 1889 94 1890 85 1891 113 1892 161 1893 118 1894 134 1895 113 1896 78 1897 123 1898 101 1899 85 1900 106 1901 105 1902 85 1903 84 1904 76 1905 57 1906 62 1908 89 1909 69 1910 67 1911 60 1912 61 1913 51 1914 51 1915 56 1916 50 1917 36 1918 60 1919 66 1920 53 1921 59 1922 51 1923 29 1924 16 1925 17

IV. Black Leadership’s Response Ida Wells Barnett – Barnett was a Black woman from Tennessee. She Led the Niagara Movement This was a crusade against lynching.

Booker T. Washington – Washington was a black leader who advocated black vocational education He proposed the Atlanta Compromise – He urged blacks to concentrate on achieving economic goals rather than legal or political ones. Blacks would accept segregation if whites would allow the education of blacks Tuskegee Institute in 1906, established by Booker T. Washington

W.E.B. Dubois – Dubois challenged the Atlanta Compromise. He started the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) He advocated resistance to segregation and disenfranchisement.