Cell Structure And Function

Cell: the smallest unit of life

Cell Theory All organisms are made of cells All existing cells are produced by other living cells. The cell is the most basic unit of life.

Prokaryotic cells Simple cells No nucleus Ex: bacteria Staph aureus is found naturally on your skin. Staphylococcus aureus

Prokaryotic Cell Thick outer capsule surrounds the outside of the cell. Free Ribosomes float in the cytosol. DNA is wound into chromosomes in a bundle called the nucleoid.

Enterococcus faecalis Bacteria E Coli Bacteria Both of these bacteria are found naturally in your intestines.

Eukaryotic Cells More complex Have a true nucleus Make up all living cells other than bacteria Eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound organelles.

Eukaryotic Cell

Hair Cell Fingernail Nerve cell Nerve Cell White and Red Blood Cells

Similarities and differences between the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells Cell size 1-10 micrometers 10-100 micrometers Cell membrane? Yes Membrane-bound organelles? No Have nucleus? Have cytoplasm? Have DNA Yes, in cytoplasm Yes, in nucleus Examples Bacteria Fungi, plants, animals

Cell Movement Cells use three different methods to move themselves or debris

Flagella: long hairlike filaments used by some prokaryotes to move

Flagellum

Cilia: short hairlike projections that some cells use for movement

Pseudopod: false foot

Picture Quiz Identify the cells as prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

Eukaryotic- Mushroom Cell

Eukaryotic- Red blood cells

Prokaryotic- Lactobacilli bacteria

Eukaryotic- fish egg cell

Prokaryotic- MRSA

Prokaryotic- Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria

Eukaryotic- Fern leaf cell

Eukaryotic- taste bud cell

Eukaryotic- Osteocyte (bone cell)

Eukaryotic- cartilage cells

Cell Organelles Specialized cell parts that carry out many different processes and functions.

Cell membrane Barrier around the cell that controls what goes in and out Security Guard

Nuclear Membrane Nucleus Controls most of the cell’s processes Stores DNA Control center or ‘brain’ Separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell

Nucleolus Darker portion inside the nucleus that produces ribosomes

Cytoplasm (cytosol) Jelly-like fluid inside the cell where metabolic processes occur

Ribosome Small organelles that float in the cytoplasm or on the ER that build proteins Cell workers

Endoplasmic Reticulum Produces and transports materials such as proteins Assembly line

Golgi Apparatus (Golgi body) Packages and distributes proteins and lipids Shipping and handling department

Lysosome Stores enzymes and removes worn-out organelles. Mainly in animal cells. Waste disposal unit

Mitochondria Provides energy for the cell Powerhouse or powerplant

Mitochondria are thought to have been bacteria that was engulfed by eukaryotic cells.

Cytoskeleton Thin protein fibers that helps keep the cell’s shape

Centrioles Only found in animal cells that are important for cell division

Cell wall Found only in plant and fungus cells. Provides extra shape, support and protection.

Chloroplast Found only in plant cell. They contain chlorophyll used for photosynthesis

Vacuole Stores water, salts, and wastes. Plants have larger ones Storage unit

Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells Plant Cells Animal Cells Have a Cell Membrane, Nucleus, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and Endoplasmic Reticulum? YES Have a Cell Wall? NO Have Lysosomes? NO (rarely) Have Vacuoles? None or Small Have Chloroplasts?

Cellular Differentiation 250 different kinds of cells in the human body Through cellular differentiation, different types of cells are created to carry out specific tasks or functions. In animals the “starter” cells that differentiate are called stem cells In plants those cells are called meristematic cells

Cellular Organization Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organisms

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