Second Civil war in Sudan (1983 - 2005) North - South conflict Viktorija Katutytė

Longest civil war in Africa Displaced 4 million people. Killed 2 million people. Wide spread starvation. Economical underdevelopment.

Actors: Government of Sudan Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army

Reasons In 1983, the government dominated by northern Arabs tried to impose Islamic Sharia law across Sudan, even in areas where the majority is not Muslim. Control and distribution of resources (specially areas: Southern Kordofan (Nuba Mountains), Blue Nile, and Abyei)

Peace talks Issues: Self-determination Distribution of government and civil service jobs between the two sides. National capital should not be subject to Islamic law. Three central areas - oil-rich Abyei, Blue Nile State and the Nuba mountains. Self-determination

Mediators UK Kenya6 Italy Norway Egypt Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) The US has certainly put pressure on both sides to reach peace and the diplomatic muscle of the only superpower could prove decisive. UK Kenya6 Italy Norway Egypt

North - South peace process Addis Ababa talks (Ethiopia, 1972) Addis Ababa Agreement (March 1972) Koka Dam talks(Ethiopia, 1986) Addis Ababa talks (Ethiopia and Egypt, 1989) Abuja talks (Nigeria, 1992-93) Peace talks on the Sudan conflict (IGADD 1993-94) Peace from Within’ talks (1992-97) Khartoum Peace Agreement (April 1997) Egyptian-Libyan initiative (1999-2002) Sudan peace process (IGAD, 1997-2005) Machakos Protocol (July 2002) Framework Agreement on Security Arrangements (September 2003) Agreement on Wealth-Sharing (January 2004) Protocol on Power-Sharing (May 2004) Three Areas Protocols (May 2004) Comprehensive Peace Agreement (January 2005) NDA-government talks (2003-05) Cairo Agreement (June 2005)

Comprehensive Peace Agreement Signed on 9 January 2005 in Nairobi. The terms: The south will have autonomy for six years, followed by a referendum on secession. Both sides of the conflict will merge their armed forces into a 39,000-strong force after six years, if the secession referendum should turn out negative. Income from oilfields is to be shared 50 to 50. Jobs are to be split according to varying ratios. Islamic law is to remain in the north, while continued use of the sharia in the south is to be decided by the elected assembly.

Why CPA didn’t work CPA refers to one country with two systems, it is increasingly clear that the one country has seven systems.