Models of Cities

Burgess Model- Concentric Zone Theory Ernest Burgess-1920’s Five functional zones Central Business District Transitional Zones Deteriorating residential areas, light manufacturing & some business Slums Large, poor immigrant population Working Class Zone Housing for blue collar workers in the city Middle Class Residences Suburban Ring- Commuter Zone

Hoyt Model- Sector Model Homer Hoyt-1930’s Focused on where the social classes in the city lived Develops in sectors, not rings Wealthy residential areas also expand from the CBD Low class residential areas are near industrial districts

Harris & Ullman- Multiple Nuclei Model C.D. Harris & E.L. Ullman-1945 More than one center of activities - Port, university, airport, suburban business, etc… Certain regions in a city have their own nuclei or center

Urban Realms Model Focuses on importance of growing Edge Cities Shifting focus of urbanization away from the CBD toward economic activity at the urban fringe Each area has its own realm with its own separate economic, social, & political entities Edge Cities are characterized by extensive office space, retail space, few residential areas & modern buildings (less than 30 years old) Edge Cities are soon becoming metropolises (Tyson’s Corner)

American Cities CBD- commercial center of urban area, skyscrapers, bid-rent theory, suburbs, shopping malls EASTERN CITIES: Built before invention of automobile so streets are narrow, densely residential, mass transportation (city may still have more people than suburbs) WESTERN CITIES: More spread out, homes have yards, more reliance on automobile than mass transit, grid street system, suburbs (sometimes have more people than city itself)

European Cities Zoning can be mixed residential, commercial, & industrial Preservation of historic buildings Dendritic Street Pattern: looks like root system of trees that curve & wind through city (cities designed for foot traffic) Wealthy live IN city, while lower class live outside in suburbs Use of GREENBELTS to stop spread of development, & prevent cities from overlapping

Latin American Cities High urban growth rates due to poverty of country sides Cities include a spine of high income residential areas, extends from CBD (protected by gated communities) Edges of city have squatter settlements (barriadas) Cities laid out like a hub-spoke bike wheel, all roads lead to city center

Asian Cities Usually located on coasts, built for trade May have specific zones for Western companies to locate their businesses Very modern because they have grown so recently Established many shopping malls Megacities are common Include a market-gardening zone because of preference for fresh food

African Cities Strong colonial imprint still evident in structures & functions of cities Three distinct Central Business Districts: Colonial CBD (government) Traditional CBD (commercial center) Market/Bazaar CBD (farmer’s market: sells anything from rugs to animals) Lack transportation systems, unpaved roads are common