Chapter 16 – The Nervous System: Pathways and Higher-Order Functions Clinical Conditions & States of Awareness Basal Nuclei & Cerebellum / Somatic Control Higher-Order Functions / Memory Sensory Pathways Motor Pathways $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 FINAL ROUND

Topic 1: $100 Question Our perception of a given sensation as touch, rather than as temperature or pain, depends on processing in which neural structure? a. hypothalamus b. thalamus c. cerebellum d. epithalamus ANSWER BACK TO GAME

Topic 1: $100 Answer Our perception of a given sensation as touch, rather than as temperature or pain, depends on processing in which neural structure? a. hypothalamus b. thalamus c. cerebellum d. epithalamus BACK TO GAME

Topic 1: $200 Question The cell body of which sensory neuron may be located in a dorsal root ganglion or a cranial nerve ganglion? a. first-order neuron b. second-order neuron c. third-order neuron d. fourth-order neuron ANSWER BACK TO GAME

Topic 1: $200 Answer The cell body of which sensory neuron may be located in a dorsal root ganglion or a cranial nerve ganglion? a. first-order neuron b. second-order neuron c. third-order neuron d. fourth-order neuron BACK TO GAME

d. None of the above is false. Topic 1: $300 Question Which of the following statements regarding the fasciculus cuneatus is false? a. It is responsible for sensations of proprioception, fine touch, pressure, and vibration from the superior half of the body. b. Its second-order neuron cell bodies are located in the medulla oblongata; the axons cross over before entering the medial lemniscus. c. Its third-order neuron cell bodies are located in the dorsal posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus. d. None of the above is false. ANSWER BACK TO GAME

d. None of the above is false. Topic 1: $300 Answer Which of the following statements regarding the fasciculus cuneatus is false? a. It is responsible for sensations of proprioception, fine touch, pressure, and vibration from the superior half of the body. b. Its second-order neuron cell bodies are located in the medulla oblongata; the axons cross over before entering the medial lemniscus. c. Its third-order neuron cell bodies are located in the dorsal posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus. d. None of the above is false. BACK TO GAME

What is the final destination for the posterior spinocerebellar tract? Topic 1: $400 Question What is the final destination for the posterior spinocerebellar tract? a. the cerebellar cortex on the same side as the stimulus b. the primary sensory cortex on the same side as the stimulus c. the cerebellar cortex on the side opposite the stimulus d. the primary sensory cortex on the side opposite the stimulus ANSWER BACK TO GAME

What is the final destination for the posterior spinocerebellar tract? Topic 1: $400 Answer What is the final destination for the posterior spinocerebellar tract? a. the cerebellar cortex on the same side as the stimulus b. the primary sensory cortex on the same side as the stimulus c. the cerebellar cortex on the side opposite the stimulus d. the primary sensory cortex on the side opposite the stimulus BACK TO GAME

The site of decussation of the lateral spinothalamic tracts is: Topic 1: $500 Question The site of decussation of the lateral spinothalamic tracts is: a. at the axons of second-order neurons, at the level of entry. b. at the axons of second-order neurons, before joining the medial lemniscus. c. at the cerebellum . d. at the axons of third-order neurons, before joining the medial lemniscus. ANSWER BACK TO GAME

The site of decussation of the lateral spinothalamic tracts is: Topic 1: $500 Answer The site of decussation of the lateral spinothalamic tracts is: a. at the axons of second-order neurons, at the level of entry. b. at the axons of second-order neurons, before joining the medial lemniscus. c. at the cerebellum . d. at the axons of third-order neurons, before joining the medial lemniscus. BACK TO GAME

Topic 2: $100 Question Which of the following statements regarding the lateral pathway is false? a. The command carried by the lateral pathway typically facilitate flexor muscles. b. The command carried by the lateral pathway typically inhibit flexor muscles. c. The commands carried by the lateral pathway typically inhibit extensor muscles. d. The upper motor neurons of the lateral pathway lie within the red nuclei of the mesencephalon. ANSWER BACK TO GAME

Topic 2: $100 Answer Which of the following statements regarding the lateral pathway is false? a. The command carried by the lateral pathway typically facilitate flexor muscles. b. The command carried by the lateral pathway typically inhibit flexor muscles. c. The commands carried by the lateral pathway typically inhibit extensor muscles. d. The upper motor neurons of the lateral pathway lie within the red nuclei of the mesencephalon. BACK TO GAME

a. reticulospinal tracts b. rubrospinal tracts Topic 2: $200 Question Although normally insignificant, which motor tracts can be important in maintaining motor control and muscle tone in the upper limbs if the lateral corticospinal tracts are damaged? a. reticulospinal tracts b. rubrospinal tracts c. vestibulospinal tracts d. corticobulbar tracts ANSWER BACK TO GAME

a. reticulospinal tracts b. rubrospinal tracts Topic 2: $200 Answer Although normally insignificant, which motor tracts can be important in maintaining motor control and muscle tone in the upper limbs if the lateral corticospinal tracts are damaged? a. reticulospinal tracts b. rubrospinal tracts c. vestibulospinal tracts d. corticobulbar tracts BACK TO GAME

Topic 2: $300 Question Axons in the corticobulbar tracts synapse on lower motor neurons in the motor nuclei of which cranial nerves? a. N III, IV, V, VI b. N VII, IX, XI, XII c. N VI, VII, VIII d. a and b ANSWER BACK TO GAME

Topic 2: $300 Answer Axons in the corticobulbar tracts synapse on lower motor neurons in the motor nuclei of which cranial nerves? a. N III, IV, V, VI b. N VII, IX, XI, XII c. N VI, VII, VIII d. a and b BACK TO GAME

Where is the site of decussation of the reticulospinal tracts? Topic 2: $400 Question Where is the site of decussation of the reticulospinal tracts? a. at the pyramids of the medulla oblongata b. at the brain stem c. They do not cross. d. at the level of the lower motor neuron ANSWER BACK TO GAME

Where is the site of decussation of the reticulospinal tracts? Topic 2: $400 Answer Where is the site of decussation of the reticulospinal tracts? a. at the pyramids of the medulla oblongata b. at the brain stem c. They do not cross. d. at the level of the lower motor neuron BACK TO GAME

a. lateral corticospinal tracts. b. anterior corticospinal tracts. Topic 2: $500 Question The lower motor neurons of cranial nerve nuclei in the brain stem are the destination for: a. lateral corticospinal tracts. b. anterior corticospinal tracts. c. tectospinal tracts. d. corticobulbar tracts. ANSWER BACK TO GAME

a. lateral corticospinal tracts. b. anterior corticospinal tracts. Topic 2: $500 Answer The lower motor neurons of cranial nerve nuclei in the brain stem are the destination for: a. lateral corticospinal tracts. b. anterior corticospinal tracts. c. tectospinal tracts. d. corticobulbar tracts. BACK TO GAME

Topic 3: $100 Question Monitoring proprioceptive sensations, visual information, and vestibular sensations as movements occur are functions of the: a. basal nuclei b. cerebellum c. hypothalamus d. mesencephalon ANSWER BACK TO GAME

Topic 3: $100 Answer Monitoring proprioceptive sensations, visual information, and vestibular sensations as movements occur are functions of the: a. basal nuclei b. cerebellum c. hypothalamus d. mesencephalon BACK TO GAME

c. At birth, the cerebral and cerebellar cortex are fully functional. Topic 3: $200 Question Regarding levels of somatic motor control, which of the following statements is/are true? a. The process of reflex development proceeds extremely fast, as billions of neurons establish trillions of synaptic connections. b. Motor commands may be given to specific motor neurons directly, or they may be given indirectly by altering the activity of a reflex control center. c. At birth, the cerebral and cerebellar cortex are fully functional. d. a and b ANSWER BACK TO GAME

c. At birth, the cerebral and cerebellar cortex are fully functional. Topic 3: $200 Answer Regarding levels of somatic motor control, which of the following statements is/are true? a. The process of reflex development proceeds extremely fast, as billions of neurons establish trillions of synaptic connections. b. Motor commands may be given to specific motor neurons directly, or they may be given indirectly by altering the activity of a reflex control center. c. At birth, the cerebral and cerebellar cortex are fully functional. d. a and b BACK TO GAME

Basal nuclei receive input from which of the following structures? Topic 3: $300 Question Basal nuclei receive input from which of the following structures? a. all portions of the cerebral cortex as well as the substantia nigra b. the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata c. the cerebral cortex and the red nucleus d. the cerebellum and the red nucleus ANSWER BACK TO GAME

Basal nuclei receive input from which of the following structures? Topic 3: $300 Answer Basal nuclei receive input from which of the following structures? a. all portions of the cerebral cortex as well as the substantia nigra b. the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata c. the cerebral cortex and the red nucleus d. the cerebellum and the red nucleus BACK TO GAME

a. the pons and superior medulla oblongata b. the thalamus Topic 3: $400 Question Regarding somatic motor control, which of the following structures control(s) reflexes in response to visual and auditory stimuli? a. the pons and superior medulla oblongata b. the thalamus c. the mesencephalon d. b and c ANSWER BACK TO GAME

a. the pons and superior medulla oblongata b. the thalamus Topic 3: $400 Answer Regarding somatic motor control, which of the following structures control(s) reflexes in response to visual and auditory stimuli? a. the pons and superior medulla oblongata b. the thalamus c. the mesencephalon d. b and c BACK TO GAME

Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus? Topic 3: $500 Question Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus? a. modifies respiratory reflexes b. controls stereotyped motor patterns related to eating and drinking c. controls simple cranial and spinal reflexes d. controls stereotyped motor patterns related to sexual activity ANSWER BACK TO GAME

Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus? Topic 3: $500 Answer Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus? a. modifies respiratory reflexes b. controls stereotyped motor patterns related to eating and drinking c. controls simple cranial and spinal reflexes d. controls stereotyped motor patterns related to sexual activity BACK TO GAME

a. the general interpretive area. b. the gnostic area. Topic 4: $100 Question The integrative area considered as the “speech center” of the cerebral cortex is also known as: a. the general interpretive area. b. the gnostic area. c. Broca’s area. d. the prefrontal cortex. ANSWER BACK TO GAME

a. the general interpretive area. b. the gnostic area. Topic 4: $100 Answer The integrative area considered as the “speech center” of the cerebral cortex is also known as: a. the general interpretive area. b. the gnostic area. c. Broca’s area. d. the prefrontal cortex. BACK TO GAME

b. general interpretive area c. prefrontal cortex d. gnostic area Topic 4: $200 Question Which of the following is considered the most complex brain area due to its extensive connections with other cortical areas and other portions of the brain? a. speech center b. general interpretive area c. prefrontal cortex d. gnostic area ANSWER BACK TO GAME

b. general interpretive area c. prefrontal cortex d. gnostic area Topic 4: $200 Answer Which of the following is considered the most complex brain area due to its extensive connections with other cortical areas and other portions of the brain? a. speech center b. general interpretive area c. prefrontal cortex d. gnostic area BACK TO GAME

Topic 4: $300 Question Damage to which nucleus is associated with changes in emotional states, memory, and intellectual function? a. caudate nucleus b. putamen c. amygdaloid body d. nucleus basalis ANSWER BACK TO GAME

Topic 4: $300 Answer Damage to which nucleus is associated with changes in emotional states, memory, and intellectual function? a. caudate nucleus b. putamen c. amygdaloid body d. nucleus basalis BACK TO GAME

Topic 4: $400 Question Where are feelings of frustration, tension, and anxiety generated as a result of interpretation of ongoing events? a. gnostic area b. prefrontal cortex c. amygdaloid body d. hippocampus ANSWER BACK TO GAME

Topic 4: $400 Answer Where are feelings of frustration, tension, and anxiety generated as a result of interpretation of ongoing events? a. gnostic area b. prefrontal cortex c. amygdaloid body d. hippocampus BACK TO GAME

b. They are performed by the cerebellar cortex. Topic 4: $500 Question Which of the following is not a characteristic of higher-order functions? a. They involve complex interconnections between areas within the cerebral cortex, and between the cerebral cortex and other brain areas. b. They are performed by the cerebellar cortex. c. They involve both conscious and unconscious information processing. d. b and c ANSWER BACK TO GAME

b. They are performed by the cerebellar cortex. Topic 4: $500 Answer Which of the following is not a characteristic of higher-order functions? a. They involve complex interconnections between areas within the cerebral cortex, and between the cerebral cortex and other brain areas. b. They are performed by the cerebellar cortex. c. They involve both conscious and unconscious information processing. d. b and c BACK TO GAME

a. The output of the RAS projects through the cerebral cortex. Topic 5: $100 Question Regarding the reticular activating system (RAS), which of the following statements is/are true? a. The output of the RAS projects through the cerebral cortex. b. Stimulation of the myelencephalic portion of the RAS produces the most profound and long-lasting effects on the cerebral cortex. c. The RAS-associated hypothalamic nuclei play a supporting role in RAS function by focusing attention on specific mental processes. d. All of the above. ANSWER BACK TO GAME

a. The output of the RAS projects through the cerebral cortex. Topic 5: $100 Answer Regarding the reticular activating system (RAS), which of the following statements is/are true? a. The output of the RAS projects through the cerebral cortex. b. Stimulation of the myelencephalic portion of the RAS produces the most profound and long-lasting effects on the cerebral cortex. c. The RAS-associated hypothalamic nuclei play a supporting role in RAS function by focusing attention on specific mental processes. d. All of the above. BACK TO GAME

d. None of the above is false. Topic 5: $200 Question Which of the following statements regarding amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is/are false? a. The primary cause of ALS is uncertain; only five to ten percent of ALS cases appear to have a genetic basis. b. Cellularly, the underlying problem is at the presynaptic membranes of motor neurons. c. ALS is a progressive disease that affects specifically motor neurons, leaving sensory neurons intact. d. None of the above is false. ANSWER BACK TO GAME

d. None of the above is false. Topic 5: $200 Answer Which of the following statements regarding amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is/are false? a. The primary cause of ALS is uncertain; only five to ten percent of ALS cases appear to have a genetic basis. b. Cellularly, the underlying problem is at the presynaptic membranes of motor neurons. c. ALS is a progressive disease that affects specifically motor neurons, leaving sensory neurons intact. d. None of the above is false. BACK TO GAME

Topic 5: $300 Question Why do physicians usually take a newborn infant into a dark room and shine a light against the skull? a. They are checking for anencephaly, a rare condition in which the brain fails to develop above the mesencephalon or lower diencephalon. b. They are confirming the presence of fontanels of the skull sutures, which will allow for normal brain development. c. They are checking for the visual reflex, to confirm adequate development of the visual association cortex in the occipital lobe. d. They are documenting an adequate opening of the foramen magnum, allowing the spinal cord to continue from the lower brain stem, pons, and medulla without impediment. ANSWER BACK TO GAME

Topic 5: $300 Answer Why do physicians usually take a newborn infant into a dark room and shine a light against the skull? a. They are checking for anencephaly, a rare condition in which the brain fails to develop above the mesencephalon or lower diencephalon. b. They are confirming the presence of fontanels of the skull sutures, which will allow for normal brain development. c. They are checking for the visual reflex, to confirm adequate development of the visual association cortex in the occipital lobe. d. They are documenting an adequate opening of the foramen magnum, allowing the spinal cord to continue from the lower brain stem, pons, and medulla without impediment. BACK TO GAME

b. damage to the prefrontal cortex and its neural circuits Topic 5: $400 Question “Global aphasia” is a disorder which results from which of the following? a. extensive damage to the mesencephalon and associated neural pathways b. damage to the prefrontal cortex and its neural circuits c. extensive damage to the general interpretive area or to the associated sensory tracts d. damage to the speech center (Broca’s area) ANSWER BACK TO GAME

b. damage to the prefrontal cortex and its neural circuits Topic 5: $400 Answer “Global aphasia” is a disorder which results from which of the following? a. extensive damage to the mesencephalon and associated neural pathways b. damage to the prefrontal cortex and its neural circuits c. extensive damage to the general interpretive area or to the associated sensory tracts d. damage to the speech center (Broca’s area) BACK TO GAME

a. chronic vegetative state b. somnolence c. coma d. b and c Topic 5: $500 Question Which of the following is/are considered an “unconscious” state(s) of awareness? a. chronic vegetative state b. somnolence c. coma d. b and c ANSWER BACK TO GAME

a. chronic vegetative state b. somnolence c. coma d. b and c Topic 5: $500 Answer Which of the following is/are considered an “unconscious” state(s) of awareness? a. chronic vegetative state b. somnolence c. coma d. b and c BACK TO GAME

FINAL ROUND Question Which of the following statements regarding major pathways of the basal ganglia is false? a. One group of axons synapses on the inferior colliculi of the mesencephalon and various areas of the cerebral cortex that control eye movements. b. One group of axons synapses on thalamic neurons, which then send their axons to widespread association areas of the cerebral cortex. c. One group of axons synapses on thalamic neurons, which then send their axons to the premotor cortex, which directs the activities of the primary motor cortex. d. None of the above is false. ANSWER BACK TO GAME

FINAL ROUND Answer Which of the following statements regarding major pathways of the basal ganglia is false? a. One group of axons synapses on the inferior colliculi of the mesencephalon and various areas of the cerebral cortex that control eye movements. b. One group of axons synapses on thalamic neurons, which then send their axons to widespread association areas of the cerebral cortex. c. One group of axons synapses on thalamic neurons, which then send their axons to the premotor cortex, which directs the activities of the primary motor cortex. d. None of the above is false. BACK TO GAME