To understand recursion, you have to understand recursion! Introduction to Java

What is Recursion? Recursion occurs when a method calls itself to solve a simpler version of the problem. With each recursive call, the problem is different from, and simpler than, the original problem. Recursion involves the internal use of a stack. A stack is a data abstraction that works like this: New data is "pushed," or added to the top of the stack. When information is removed from the stack it is "popped," or removed from the top of the stack. The recursive calls of a method will be stored on a stack, and manipulated in a similar manner. Introduction to Java

Recursion Example – Solving Factorials The problem of solving factorials is our first example of recursion. The factorial operation in mathematics is illustrated below. 1! = 1 2! = 2 * 1 or 2 * 1! 3! = 3 * 2 * 1 or 3 * 2! 4! = 4 * 3 * 2 *1 or 4 * 3! Notice that each successive line can be solved in terms of the previous line. For example, 4! is equivalent to the problem 4 * 3! Introduction to Java

Using A Recursive Method A recursive method to solve the factorial problem is given below. Notice in the last line of the method the recursive call. The method calls another implementation of itself to solve a smaller version of the problem. int fact(int n) // returns the value of n! // precondition: n >= 1 { if (n == 1) return 1; else return n * fact(n - 1); } The base case is a fundamental situation where no further problem solving is necessary. In the case of finding factorials, the answer of 1! is by definition == 1. No further work is needed. Introduction to Java

Recursion – Step By Step Suppose we call the method to solve fact(4). This will result in four calls of method fact. fact(4): This is not the base case (n==1) so we return the result of 4 * fact(3). This multiplication will not be carried out until an answer is found for fact(3). This leads to the second call of fact to solve fact(3). fact(3): Again, this is not the base case and we return 3 * fact (2). This leads to another recursive call to solve fact(2). fact(2): Still, this is not the base case, we solve 2 * fact(1). fact(1): Finally we reach the base case, which returns the value 1. Introduction to Java

Recursion – Step By Step When a recursive call is made, the current computation is temporarily suspended and placed on the stack with all its current information available for later use. A completely new copy of the method is used to evaluate the recursive call. When that is completed, the value returned by the recursive call is used to complete the suspended computation. The suspended computation is removed from the stack and its work now proceeds. When the base case is encountered the recursion will now unwind and result in a final answer. The expressions below should be read from right to left. fact(4) = 4 * fact(3) = 3 * fact(2) = 2 * fact(1) = 1 24  4 * 6  3 * 2  2 * 1 Introduction to Java

Recursion – The Picture Here is a picture. Look at what happens: Each box represents a call of method fact. To solve fact(4) requires four calls of method fact. Notice that when the recursive calls were made inside the else statement, the value fed to the recursive call was (n-1). This is where the problem is getting smaller and simpler with the eventual goal of solving 1!. Introduction to Java

Pitfalls Of Recursion If the recursion never reaches the base case, the recursive calls will continue until the computer runs out of memory and the program crashes. Experienced programmers try to examine the remains of a crash. The message “stack overflow error” or “heap storage exhaustion” indicates a possible runaway recursion. When programming recursively, you need to make sure that the algorithm is moving toward the base case. Each successive call of the algorithm must be solving a simpler version of the problem. Any recursive algorithm can be implemented iteratively, but sometimes only with great difficulty. However, a recursive solution will always run more slowly than an iterative one because of the overhead of opening and closing the recursive calls. Introduction to Java

Recursion Examples On the next few slides, you will see some examples of how recursion is used in programming. You should take out a sheet of paper and a pencil and try to work each of them out by hand. Inform your instructor if at any point you are feeling so angry that you want to curse, and then recurse! Introduction to Java

Recursion – Example #2 The final answer is 40. int result = identity(10); System.out.println("The final answer is " + result); public int identity(int num) { if (num < 1) return 10; else return num + identity(num - 2); } identity(num) returned value identity (0) 10 identity (2) 12 identity (4) 16 identity (6) 22 identity (8) 30 identity (10) 40 The final answer is 40. Introduction to Java

Recursion - Example #3 The final answer is 79. int result2 = negative(-3); System.out.println("The final answer is " + result2); public int negative(int num) { if (num >= 20) return -5; else return negative(num + 4) + 2 * num; } negative(num) returned value negative(21) -5 negative(17) 29 negative(13) 55 negative(9) 73 negative(5) 83 negative(1) 85 negative(-3) 79 The final answer is 79. Introduction to Java

Recursion – Example #4 The final answer is 32768. int result3 = product(1); System.out.println("The final answer is " + result3); public int product(int num) { if (num > 20) return -1; else return num * product(-2 * num); } product(num) returned value product(64) -1 product(-32) 32 product(16) 512 product(-8) -4096 product(4) -16384 product(-2) 32768 product(1) The final answer is 32768. Introduction to Java