E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham) Slide # 02 The Internet as The Biggest Distributed System and Platform for E-business E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

The Internet and the World Wide Web Think hardware (“connected” computers/devices) Originated with ARPANET (late 1960s) The World Wide Web (WWW) (W3) Think software (users communicating over the Internet via software applications) Originated with Tim Berners-Lee and HTML, and took off with the first GUI browser, Mosaic E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham) The Internet of Things Devices can be connected to the Internet Controlled remotely Examples: sensors, switches, optical scanners The Internet of things Term used for these connected devices Estimated size is nine billion Projected to reach 35 billion by 2020 E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

The Internet = Network of Devices Networks of Computers (Computer Networks) Topologies: E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

Local area network (LAN) = Network of computers located close together E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham) Wide area networks (WANs) = Networks of computers connected over greater distances E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

The Internet = Network of Devices Architectures: E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham) Network OSI Model E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham) Internet Protocols Protocol: collection of network data rules Includes transmission rules Computers must use same protocol ARPANET: Network Control Protocol (NCP) Proprietary architecture (closed architecture) Manufacturer creates own protocol Open architecture (Internet core) Uses common protocol Four key message-handling rules Contributed to the Internet’s success E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham) TCP/IP Refers to the two pervasive protocols used today Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Controls message or file disassembly into packets before Internet transmission Controls packet reassembly into original formats at destinations Internet Protocol (IP) Specifies addressing details for each packet Labels packet with origination and destination addresses E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham) IP Addressing Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) Used since 1981 IP address 32-bit number identifying computers/devices Base 2 (binary) number system Computers use for internal calculations Digit: 0 or a 1 (on or off condition) Four billion different addresses (232 = 4,294,967,296) Router breaks message into packets Contains source and destination IP address E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

IP Addressing (cont’d.) Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) Replaces IPv4 Addresses predicted to be exhausted in 2015 IPv4 and IPv6 not directly compatible IPv6 major advantages Uses 128-bit number for addresses Number of available addresses: 34 followed by 37 zeros More complex notation system E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham) Some Other Protocols UDP (alternative of TCP for Transport Layer) is fast and can be used if there is a lot of data and you don’t mind losing a few bits Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) Post Office Protocol (POP) for Emails FTP is a file transfer standard TELNET provides a non-secure way to login to a remote computer SSH can be thought of as a “secure telnet” E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham) Some Other Protocols E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

Virtual Private Network (VPN) Connection via public networks and protocols Uses IP tunneling (encapsulation) system Private passageway through public Internet Secure transmission Encapsulation Encrypts packet content; places inside another packet IP wrapper: outer packet VPN software installed on both computers “Virtual” since connection seems permanent Actually a temporary connection

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Intranets and Extranets An Internet within the boundaries of the organization Interconnected private networks Extranet An Internet that extends beyond the organization and incorporates networks of outside entities Technologies (public networks, private networks, or VPNs) Independent of organizational boundaries

Client-Server Architectures A “client” makes a request to a “server” The server’s response may be Compliance with the request An error message indicating a problem Example A user’s browser requests a web page for display from a particular web site The web server at that site sends the web page or an error message (like a page-not-found error) E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

Client-Server Architectures E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

Web Servers and Web Browsers The term “server” may refer to a program or the machine it runs on Current popular servers are Apache and Microsoft’s Internet Information Services (IIS) Every browser is a program that can act as the client in a client-server relationship Current popular browsers include Internet Explorer, Firefox, Chrome, Safari and Opera E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

Web Servers and Web Browsers E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

A Communication Protocol: HTTP for Web Browser and Server E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham) Web Addresses Every device connected to the Internet must have a unique IP address: IPv4 is 32 bits: a.b.c.d with a, b, c, d in 0..255 IPv6 is 128 bits, allowing for many more addresses Computers understand IP addresses much better than humans, who prefer FQDNs FQDN = Fully Qualified Domain Name FQDN cs.smu.ca has IP address 140.184.133.99 A Domain Name Server (DNS) translates between an IP address and the corresponding FQDN E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham) URLs, URNs and URIs A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is the actual location of a resource on the web A Uniform Resource Name (URN) has the same form as a URL but may not refer to an actual resource The term Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a generalization of the above two terms and may refer to either one E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham) The Deep Web Non-permanent Web pages can be created based on customized response to user’s search Example: search for “online business” book on Amazon.com Deep Web: information that is stored in databases and is accessible to users through Web interfaces Potentially trillions of Web pages available using deep Web E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham) Semantic Web Goal: blending technologies and information into a next-generation Web Web pages tagged (using XML) with meanings Uses software agents (intelligent programs) Read XML tags, determine meaning of words in their contexts Resource description framework (RDF) Set of XML syntax standards Development of Semantic Web will take many years Start with ontologies for specific subjects E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)

E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham) References searchcio.techtarget.com tutorialspoint.com Wikipedia "Developing Distributed and E-commerce Applications", Darrel Ince, 2nd Edition, Pearson Addison Wesley “Web Programming and Internet Technologies: An E-commerce Approach”, Porter Scobey, Pawan Lingras, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2013 “Electronic Commerce”, 11th Edition, Cengage Learning, Gary Schneider, 2015 E-business (constructed by Dr. Hanh Pham)