Quantitative analysis methods to explore relationships between recreational uses and biodiversity in a Marine Protected Area network context: Case study of New-Caledonian lagoon. Charles Gonson1,2, Dominique Pelletier1,3, Jocelyne Ferraris2, Frédérique Alban4 1 IFREMER, UR Lagons, Ecosystèmes et Aquaculture Durable en Nouvelle Calédonie (LEAD-NC), 101 promenade Roger Laroque, BP 2059, 98846 Nouméa Cedex, New-Caledonia 2 IRD, UMR ENTROPIE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan, Cedex 9, France 3 Laboratoire d’Excellence LABEX Corail, http://www.labex-corail.fr 4 Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR AMURE, 12 rue de kergoat, CS 93837, 29238, Brest, Cedex 3, France C. Gonson – Ifremer/WWF/DENV MSEAS 2016 - Wednesday 01/06 - Session B6 - n°223

Framework Goal: Understand relationships between uses, biodiversity and management measures Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) (OCDE 1993) Adapted for recreational uses management in New-Caledonia DRIVERS Demography, Tourism PRESSURE Recreational uses STATE Habitats, Species, Sustainable uses IMPACT Assessment relative to management objectives REPONSES Management measures NATURAL VARIABILITY

Context Demographic increase worldwide especially near coast Worldwide : +163% between 2000 and 2025 (Duedall & Maul, 2005) In New-Caledonia increase of demography and attractiveness of nautical activities Tourism is one of the most growing economic sector Near 2/3 of European tourists choose coastal destination (Davenport & Davenport, 2006) In New-Caledonia high increase of cruise tourism Nb of registered boats in Nouméa Nb of people living in Nouméa (x10) Nb of cruise ships Nb of cruise participants Source: ISEE / Affmar Source: ISEE

Context Demographic increase worldwide especially near coast Worldwide : +163% between 2000 and 2025 (Duedall & Maul, 2005) In New-Caledonia increase of demography and attractiveness of nautical activities Tourism is one of the most growing economic sector Near 2/3 of European tourists choose coastal destination (Davenport & Davenport, 2006) In New-Caledonia high increase of cruise tourism Nb of registered boats in Nouméa Nb of people living in Nouméa (x10) Nb of cruise ships Nb of cruise participants Source: ISEE Need to find a balance between visitor’s attendance and ecosystem protection

Data collection on recreational uses and marine biodiversity Need to develop methods to monitor pressures and ecological state Applicable by managers Producing reliable data for quantitative indicators computation and statistical analysis Uses Biodiversity Easy to use High replication Limited observation effect Standardized method Boat-count survey spatially and temporally stratified

Data collection on recreational uses and marine biodiversity Need to develop methods to monitor pressures and ecological state Applicable by managers Producing reliable data for quantitative indicators computation and statistical analysis At comparable scales Uses Biodiversity Spatial reference framework Easy to use High replication Limited observation effect Standardized method Boat-count survey spatially and temporally stratified Define multiple comparable spatial scales

Data collection on recreational uses and marine biodiversity Biodiversity observations in 2013 Fishes and habitats data 227 observations, 2770 observed individuals Boat-counts in 2013/2014 Boat location per boat type, activity and mooring type 49 trips and 8039 observed boats

Example: Coral reef conservation Ecological metrics: Living coral cover

Chaetodontids specific richness Example: Coral reef conservation Algal turf cover competition - Ecological metrics: Ecological niches Living coral cover Chaetodontids specific richness + grazing - Scarids abundance indirect +

Example: Coral reef conservation Algal turf cover competition - Ecological metrics: Ecological niches Living coral cover Chaetodontids specific richness + grazing - Scarids abundance indirect + ? Pressure metrics : Relevance, complementary Annual number of people Annual number of non-motorized crafts Annual number of fishing boats

Example: Coral reef conservation Statistical models Linear models Explaining factors considered in the complete models: Habitats Pressure metrics Physical factors (ex. Depth) Protection status Factors selection through Likelihood ratio test (at 5%)   Living coral cover Chaetodontids specific richness Algal turf cover Scarids abundance Effect R2 partial Annual number of fishing boats <0 2% Ns Annual number of visitors 4% 5% Annual number of non-motorized crafts >0 7% R2 61% 8% 15% No statistical evidence on causal relationship

Example: Coral reef conservation Need to formalize hypothesis Example: Coral reef conservation Annual number of non-motorized crafts + Algal turf cover - Chaetodontids specific richness + Living coral cover - - - Scarids abundance + - Annual number of people - Annual number of fishing boats

Example: Coral reef conservation Annual number of non-motorized crafts Annual number of people Annual number of fishing boats Living coral cover Scarids abundance Algal turf cover Chaetodontids specific richness + - Fishing Trampling indirect Water enrichment? Natural conditions favorable for both? Installations?

Conclusion Temporal data Models as indicator dashboard Data on uses and biodiversity in 2008, 2009 and 2013 in a smaller area Both within and without MPA sites Complementary result to test hypothesis on system compounds relationships Models as indicator dashboard Relationship between indicators Test management scenario Tool for discussion between environmental actors Identify gaps of knowledge and data

THANK YOU! Charles Gonson1,2, Dominique Pelletier1,3, Jocelyne Ferraris2, Frédérique Alban4 1 IFREMER, UR Lagons, Ecosystèmes et Aquaculture Durable en Nouvelle Calédonie (LEAD-NC), 101 promenade Roger Laroque, BP 2059, 98846 Nouméa Cedex, New-Caledonia 2 IRD, UMR ENTROPIE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860, Perpignan, Cedex 9, France 3 Laboratoire d’Excellence LABEX Corail, http://www.labex-corail.fr 4 Université de Bretagne Occidentale, UMR AMURE, 12 rue de kergoat, CS 93837, 29238, Brest, Cedex 3, France C. Gonson – Ifremer/WWF/DENV MSEAS 2016 - Wednesday 01/06 - Session B6 - n°223