بنام خداوند هستي بخش.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Endocrine Block 1 Lecture Dr. Usman Ghani
Advertisements

Thyroid hormones and antithyroid drugs.
Chapter 3-Thyroid Gland 3-1. Ch. 3-- Study Guide 1.Critically read (1) pages pp before Metabolism of thyroid hormones section; (2) pages 56 (Regulation.
Thyroid gland The normal circulating thyroid hormones are Thyroxine T4 (90%),Triiodothyronine T3 (9%) and rT3 (1%). Reverse T3 (rT3) is biologically inactive.
Endo 1.08 The thyroid gland Gross anatomy and histology of the thyroid gland Thyroid hormone synthesis Thyroid hormone secretion, peripheral conversion.
Hormones Released from the Anterior Pituitary or Adenohypophysis Somatotrophs Human Growth Hormone (hGH) Hypothalamic control hGH releasing hormone hGH.
Unit Fourteen: Endocrinology and Reproduction
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. Part 1 Part 1 Isthmus Pyramidal lobe Right lobeLeft lobe.
Physiological roles Influence on many aspects of body function –Direct action –Indirect action Early growth and development Deficiency –Abnormalities Growth.
OST 529 Systems Biology: Endocrinology Keith Lookingland Associate Professor Dept. Pharmacology & Toxicology.
Thyroid Drugs Kaukab Azim, MBBS, PhD.
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE THYROID GLAND
Thyroid Hormones Thyroid Gland: –Highly vascular flat structure. –Located at the upper portion of the trachea. –Composed of twp lobes joined by an isthmus.
Thyroid Gland DR SYED SHAHID HABIB MBBS FCPS DSDM.
Thyroid Peer Support 2014.
Thyroid gland  One of largest pure endocrine glands in the body ( 20gms).  Its size depends on: 1. age … age   size. 2. sex … female > male. 3.
By Joshua Bower Easter Revision 2014
THE THYROID GLAND. Anatomical Structure Gross Anatomy Located in neck –lobes –isthmus Relations –Larynx –Trachea –Recurrent laryngeal nerves –Parathyroid.
Thyroid Karina and Hope. Anatomy What is the blood supply to the thyroid gland? Arteries: Superior thyroid artery (external carotid), Inferior thyroid.
Production, Regulation, and Action of Thyroid Hormones.
Growth Hormone Somatotropin effects in children and adolescents: Stimulation of protein synthesis Inhibition of protein breakdown Stimulation of rate of.
A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE THYROID GLAND
BIOCHEMISTRY OF THYROID HORMONES ENDOCRINE SYSTEM, 2009 NABIL BASHIR.
1 Chapter Ⅴ.The Thyroid PS Wang/ W.F.Ganong:Review of Medical Physiology th Ed. Fig.18-1 #147.
Copyright © 2006 by Elsevier, Inc. Microscopic Appearance of the Thyroid Gland Figure 76-1; Guyton & Hall.
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D. H UMAN P HYSIOLOGY PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide.
Anatomy and Physiology Part 3: Thyroid Gland and Calcium Homeostasis
Part 2 Thyroid hormones and antithyroid drugs. A. Thyroid hormones.
Thyroid Hormones ENDO412.
Biochemistry of thyroid hormones Vytášek ,5,3´-triiodothyronine (T 3 )
THYROID GLAND Dr. Hany Ahmed Assistant Professor of Physiology (MD, PhD). Al Maarefa Colleges (KSA) & Zagazig University (ARE) Specialist of Diabetes,
1QQ # 4: Answer one. 1.Starting with a drop in blood pressure, diagram the sequence of events that begins with the secretion of renin and ends with responses.
The Thyroid Gland Huiping Wang ( 王会平 ), PhD Department of Physiology Rm C516, Block C, Research Building, School of Medicine Tel:
PHYSIOLOGY OF THYROID GLAND Dr. Shaikh Mujeeb Ahmed Assistant Professor AlMaarefa College ENDO BLOCK 412.
Clinical diagnostic biochemistry - 15 Dr. Maha Al-Sedik 2015 CLS 334.
Ms Veena Shriram. Introduction  Described first by Thomas Wharton ( )  Largest Endocrine Gland  Weighing 15 – 20 g  Highly Vascular ( 5 ml.
 Thyroid hormones are synthesized in the thyroid gland.  Iodination and coupling of two molecules of tyrosine.  Monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine.
The Thyroid.
THYROID GLAND.
THYROID PHYSIOLOGY Mohit Chhabra Roll no. 47 Guided by Dr. Mohit Joshi.
Endocrine Physiology THYROID GLAND
PHYSIOLOGY OF THYROID HORMONES.
The hypothalamo- pituitary-thyroid axis. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH):- TRH is manufactured in the hypothalamus and transported via the portal.
1 Thyroid Drugs Kaukab Azim, MBBS, PhD. Learning Outcomes By the end of the course the students should be able to discuss in detail Physiology, synthesis.
Thyroid Hormones and Thermogenesis ENDOCRINE BLOCK DR. USMAN GHANI.
Thyroid Hormones and Thermogenesis ENDOCRINE BLOCK REEM SALLAM, MD, MSC, PHD.
Biochemical aspects of thyroid hormone metabolism
Thyroid Metabolic Hormones
8-Jul-16Thyroid Hormones1 Normal Functions HyperthyroidismHypothyroidism.
ANPS Anatomy & Physiology Endocrinology II. Hypothalamus CRH corticotropin releasing hormone TRH thyrotropin releasing hormone GnRH gonadotropin releasing.
Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)
Dr. Mohammed Kalimi Thyroid Physiology.
Thyroid & Parathyroid TH affects virtually all systems of the body
Thyroid Gland Done by : Mohammad Da’as
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone - TSH Lecture NO: 2ndMBBS
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Thyroid Hormones and Thermogenesis
Thyroid Hormones and Thermogenesis
Endocrine Physiology Mohammad Qussay Al-Sabbagh
Thyroid-2 Regulation and Mechanism of Action lecture NO : 02 MBBS
Production, Regulation, and Action of Thyroid Hormones
Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism
Dr. Omary Chillo (MD, PhD)
An important component in the synthesis of thyroid hormones is iodine An important component in the synthesis of thyroid hormones is iodine. Thyroid.
Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)
Thyroid Hormones.
Thyroid Hormones ENDO412.
Diseases of thyroid gland
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone - TSH Lecture NO: 2ndMBBS
Presentation transcript:

بنام خداوند هستي بخش

Topics and Aims * Introduction and anatomo-physiology * Products (hormones) * Synthesis, secretion & metabolism of hormones * Mechanism of actions * Physiological/Biological activities * Regulation * Hyper- & hypo-activity of the gland

نکاتی در مورد امتحان * به ازاء هر جلسه 4 سئوال امتحانی داده ميشود * سئوالات چهار جوابي و جواب کوتاه میباشند * ارزش سئوالات يكسان است * براي هر سئوال حدودآ يك دقيقه زمان در نظر گرفته خواهد شد * سئوالات از مطالب بحث شده در كلاس و درسنامه طرح ميشوند

Thyroid Gland Significance: Innervation: Circulation:

Cell Types and Products: * C Cells = Calcitonin * Follicular Cells : - Thyroglobulin: - Glycoprotein -Iodotyrosine/ Iodothyronin - Monoiodotyrosine (MIT) - Diiodotyrosine (DIT) - Triiodothyronin (T3) - Tetraiodothyronin (T4) - Reverse triiodothyronin (rT3)

Iodide Metabolism

Thyroid Hormones (THs) Synthesis and Secretion

Synthesis Steps: * Iodide Trapping * Iodide Oxidation - Sodium / Iodide Symporter * Iodide Oxidation * Iodination/Organification * Coupling - H2O2 & Thyroid Peroxidase are required for steps 2,3& 4

Secretion Steps: * Formation of pseudopods * Endocytosis - Megalin helps * Fusion of the vesicles and lysosomes * Proteolysis & digestion of TG * Release of rT3 , T3 & T4 * Deiodination of MIT& DIT - iodotyrosine deiodinase

Average Thyroid Hormone Turnover

In Circulation: * Bound with proteins ( >99%)

Metabolism * Site : Liver, Kidney and Target Tissues In Liver: Conjugation (sulfated & glucuronated)

Receptors & Mechanism of Actions Receptor Types : Nuclear =  &  (1 & 2; 1 & 2 ) Membrane bound = Plasma mem. Mitochondrial mem.

Nuclear Receptor Dimerization

Physiologic Effects * Modulator & Permissive actions (essential for homeostasis) - Growth and Development - Reproduction - Mental & emotional function; normoreflexia - Metabolism

Slow onset & long duration action of THs

اثرات Calorigenic : افزایش BMR * افزایش مصرف O2 در بافتها Biological Actions اثرات Calorigenic : افزایش BMR * افزایش مصرف O2 در بافتها * افزایش سوخت قند ؛ چربی و پروتئین * افزایش تعداد و اندازه میتوکندری * افزایش فعالیت میتوکندری * افزایش تولید گرما * افزایش بیان پمپ Na+/K+ Exception: Testes, Uterus, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Ant. Pituitary

Thyroid Hormone Secretion and Daily BMR

Metabolic Actions: -  جذب قند و ورود به سلول * محرک متابولیزم قندها ( turnover) -  جذب قند و ورود به سلول - تحریک Glycolysis & Gluconeogenesis -  ترشح انسولین * محرک متابولیزم چربیها ( turnover) -  انزیمهای در گیر در سنتز FFA -  تجزیه در بافت چربی ( β-adrenergic Receptors) -  FF.a در پلاسما و FF.a oxidation دربافت -  غلظت کلسترول و فسفولیپید پلاسما * در سلولهای کبد LDL receptor  * محرک متابولیزم پروتئینها ( turnover) -  ورود a.a به سلول - افزایش سنتز و مصرف (مصرف  سنتز)

* تکامل CNS در جنین ونوزادان (terminal differentiation) : Development & Growth * تکامل CNS در جنین ونوزادان (terminal differentiation) کمبود = Cretinism * محرک تکامل بافت استخوانی و ماهیچه ای * محرک رشد استخوانها (Induction of local IGF-1) - پرکاری قبل از بلوغ = کوتاهی قد در بزرگسالی - پرکاری شدید و طولانی = Osteoporosis

Significance of THs in Growth and Development

سایر اثرات: -Slow to Fast fiber switch * ویتامین ها : - افزایش متابولیزم و نیازبدن - تبدیل کاروتن به Retinalدرروده * پوست و ضمائم آن : -افزایش turnover ضمايم پوست و اپي درم ، رطوبت و حرارت - تنظيم متابولیزم پروتئوگليكانها * تراوائی غشاء به یونها: - افزایش تراوائی به سدیم - افزایش فعالیت Na+/K+-ATPase - افزایش تحریک پذ یری در سلولهای تحریک پذ یر * عضلات : -Slow to Fast fiber switch - Thyrotoxic Myopathy - Tremor

* وزن بدن : - متعادل نمودن سوخت و ساز (ثبات وزن) - تحریک اشتها * وزن بدن : - متعادل نمودن سوخت و ساز (ثبات وزن) - تحریک اشتها

-  متابوليزم هورمونها ( استيروئيد هورمونها.............. ) * خواب : * غدد درون ريز: -  متابوليزم هورمونها ( استيروئيد هورمونها.............. ) -  نياز به هورمونهاي در گير در متابوليزم و استخوان سازي (انسولين، PTH و........) * دستگاه توليد مثل: خانمها: كم كاري = منوراژي ، پلي منوره، امنوره پر كاري = اليگومنوره و امنوره آقايان:  توليد اسپرم كم كاري= ميل جنسي پر كاري = ناتواني جنسي * تنفس:  سرعت و عمق * خونسازي:  ترشح اريتروپوئيتين و كاهش طول عمر RBC

* استخوانها : Turnover  * دستگاه گوارش: محرك فعاليتهاي حركتي و ترشحي ( عمدتآ از طريق افزايش اشتها) * دستگاه عصبي مركزي : - تکامل دستگاه بخصوص cortex and basal ganglia -  سرعت تفكر -  يادگيري، بهبود حافظه و حس شنائي * دستگاه عصبي خودكار - اثرات سینرژی با کاتکولامینها در افزایش: * متابولیزم، تولید گرما ، ضربان قلب، فعالیتهای حرکتی و مغزی -  β adrenergic receptors (Heart, adipose tissue & muscle)

Effects on Cardiovascular System: (like sympathetic) * Positive Chronotropic , Inotropic & Lucitrophic effects Note: - Activation of renin-Angiot.system

Cell and Whole Body Effects

Regulation of Thyroid Function (TSH & TRH) Thyrotropin-releasing H.(TRH) * تري پپتيد (GLUt. Hist. Prol.) * گيرنده از نوع Gq * كنترل ترشح: - سرما =  ( درجوندگان) - هيجانات و تحريك سمپاتيك =  Thyroid Stimulating H. (TSH) : * گليكوپروتئين * گيرنده از نوع Gs -TRH (عمدتآ)

Regulation of Thyroid Function

Anti Thyroid Compound: 1- Iodide trapping inhibitors * Anion competitors: Percholerate, Thiocyanate, Nitrate 2- Peroxidase inhibitors *Thiouracils: Methiazole, Carbimazole 3- High Dose of Iodide * Wolf-Chaikoff’s Effect: Inhibits H2O2 production 4- Natural Goiterogens * Cabbage, Turnips ( Contain Progoitrin)

- دوران جنینی و نوزادی Cretinism : Thyroid Disease * Hypothyroidism - دوران جنینی و نوزادی Cretinism - در بزرگسالی Myxedema Hoshimoto’s Thyroiditis - * Hyperthyroidism - Grave’s Diseases (تولید TSI) - Thyroid Adenoma * (β2 R. is prone to mutation) Resistance to THs * Goiter = Hypertrophy

Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism

A Great Scientist is a Poet, A real engineer is an Artist & A good physician is .........

Iodination Steps : T4 = 35% T3 = 7% MIT = 23% DIT = 33% rT3 = Trace