PART III: ORGANIC REACTIONS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PART III: ORGANIC REACTIONS

Substitution Used to place a halogen onto an alkane Must use the halogen in diatomic form The products are always a halocarbon and hydro_______ acid. Needs ultraviolet light to activate the reaction

Addition Takes place with unsaturated compounds which are usually more reactive that saturated compounds Add a halogen across a double bond

Polymerization Making of polymers from monomers. Monomers – individual units of a polymer. Addition polymerization – alkenes or alkynes joining together to form a long chain saturated hydrocarbon. Used to create plastics and rubber

Condensation polymerization – monomers contain OH and/or NH2 groups Results in two products, a polymer and water Used to create nylon and polyester

Making Ethers CH3CH2CH2OH + CH3CH2CH2CH2OH → Dehydrate 2 primary alcohols and produce water and an ether CH3CH2CH2OH + CH3CH2CH2CH2OH → (1- propanol) (1- butanol) HOH + CH3CH2CH2OCH2CH2CH2CH3 (water) (propyl butyl ether)

Esterification Alcohol + Acid = Water + Ester Used in making perfumes and scents Combination reaction which involves dehydration. The alcohol becomes the alkyl group and the acid becomes the -oate

Fermentation Enzymes are used as catalysts and sugars are broken down to alcohols and carbon dioxide Zymase C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 Glucose Ethanol Carbon dioxide

Saponification Hydrolysis of fats by a strong base (KOH or NaOH) Products are soap and glycerol

Practical Application Alkyl halides – used as solvents, cleaning agents, nonstick coatings (PTFE), refrigerants (CFCs) Denatured alcohols (solvents, fuel) Ethers – anesthetics for surgery Amines – dyes, pesticides, plastics, tires Aldehydes – preservatives, buttons, appliance and automotive parts, adhesives Ketones – acetone, solvents for waxes, plastics, paints, glues Organic acids – insects, foods, used to make esters Esters – flavors, fragrances – foods, candles, perfumes, etc.

Petroleum Crude oil from the earth is made up of many of hydrocarbons In order to separate it into many useful compounds, two processes are used Cracking – use of high heat, to break long hydrocarbon chains into smaller ones Fractional distillation – separation of hydrocarbons due to differences in boiling points