Start of Trans Siberian Railway Duma recap: Vyborg assembly October Manifesto Fourth Duma Russo Japanese war Start of Trans Siberian Railway

Key groups / figures? Stolypin Group who want a violent worker led revolution, led by a small group of leaders Witte Leader of the Menshevik party Trudoviks Member of the Menshevik party Mensheviks Radical party, mostly socialist revolutionaries. Bolsheviks Prime minister 1906 – 11 passes fundamental laws Socialist Revolutionaries Group who want a violent worker led revolution, led by a large group Martov Leader of the Bolsheviks Lenin Prime minister in the last Duma Trotsky Prime minister who introduces the Oct Manifesto Rodzianko Radical party who want to overthrow the Tsar in a peasant led revolution

The Dumas – A recap: Did they succeed in reducing opposition? When Majority party (s) Powers Success’ Reasons for failure First Apr 1906 – June 1906 Kadets – 182 Trudoviks / Labourists (SR) 136 Elected lower house with appointed upper house (by Tsar). Second chamber has VETO over the lower. Few – No capital punishment and Famine relief. Fundamental laws meant any power taken by Tsar already, bitter meetings from the start The majority parties represented reformers, but had no chance to reform under the system. Led to Vyborg assembly + total failure / repression. Second Feb – June 1907 Trudoviks/ Labourists – 104 Kadets – 94 National parties- 93 Same powers, but the Kadets lost their seats due to the Vyborg assembly, replaced by SDs and SRs so more radical Lots of disagreement on land policy and the armed forces. Disagreement between the radical parties now in the Duma Radical parties disagreed with each other and the right wing parties. Stolypin strong leader / Tsar dissolved assembly. Third Nov 1907 – June 1912 Octobrists – 154 Rightists – 147 Vote only for propertied classes – nothing for peasants and working class, led to much more right-wing Duma with support for the Tsar. Stolypin land reforms - JPs, proposals for armed forces modernisation, national insurance system for poor, Plan for universal primary eduction. Did not fail – lasted full term, but only because of repression of the left wing elements and doctoring of franchise. Fourth Nov 1912 – August 1914 Rightists – 154 Octobrists – 95 Same as previous Duma – some powers to question ministers and committee system to pass some laws but ultimately restricted by the Tsar Continuation of social work and some criticism of government War.

The Dumas: Most democratic Least democratic

The Dumas: Got the most done Most useless

The Dumas: Most radical Least radical

Repression: Stolypin’s necktie – 2 minute research What is the necktie a metaphor for? How many were a victim of it? Why were people victims? What effect did it have on opposition?

Stolypin, reform…Agriculture: What does he propose, how would it change things?

What does this description of Stolypin suggest about his role? He is of course a contradictory figure. He is most know to us as the author of agricultural reform which could have made him “a potential saviour of Tsarism” (Hite). In his own words “give me twenty years of peace at home and abroad, and you will not recognise Russia.”  Yet at the same time economic reform was coupled with political repression. He set up a system of field court-martials to deal with serious anti-government crimes. All cases were conducted in two days, and without a defence counsel. The death penulty could not be commuted, and was carried out the next day. Chris Read estimates that thousands died this way, year after year. Indeed, the gallow’s noose became known as the “Stolypin’s necktie” http://heathenhistory.co.uk/russia/2012/04/22/pyotr-stolypin-the-last-great-hero-of- the-empire/

Stolypin: An assessment He helped to stabilize Russia He continued to undermine the Tsars