Headings Vocabulary Important Information Tissues Headings Vocabulary Important Information

Terminology Tissues – group of cells that carry out specialized activities Histo = Tissue …ology = study of Pathologists – Study of cells and tissue; diseased Patho = disease

Four Main Types Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous Body surfaces, hollow organs, glands Connective Binds organs together, energy reserves for fat Muscle Movement and force application Nervous Stimulates action potential to activate body functions

Germ Layers Ectoderm – The primary layer which give rise to nervous system and the epidermis of skin Mesoderm – Middle germ layer which gives rise to connective tissue, blood, muscles Endoderm – Lower germ layer that gives rise to the GI tract, urinary bladder, and respiratory tract

Cell Junctions – Point of contact between adjacent membranes of various cell types Tight Junctions – Fluid tight seal between cells to prevent leaking of substances into blood or surrounding tissues; stomach lining & urinary bladder, and intestines

Anchoring (Adhesion) Junction (Desmosomes) – Fasten cells to on another, common in stretched areas such as heart uterus outer skin

Gap Junction http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARaj3Kz1cCQ Allow passage of chemical/electrical signals through connexons (protein tunnels-hollow cylinders) from cell to cell; i.e. muscular contraction, pain

Protection, Filtration, Secretion, Absorption, and Excretion Epithelial Tissue Functions: Protection, Filtration, Secretion, Absorption, and Excretion Divisions: Covering and Lining 2.Glandular Epithelium

Tissue Arrangements

Cell Shapes

A. Simple Squamous Function: Filtration, diffusion, osmosis, and secretion in serous membranes Location: Kidneys Glomeruli (water, glucose, and wastes), Air Sac of Lungs (Gas Exchange), Heart and Blood Vessels (Nutrients & Medicine)

B. Simple Cuboidal Function: Secretion and Absorption Location: Kidney Tubules (Wastes), Ovary Surface (Ova)

C. Ciliated Simple Columnar Function: Moves fluids and particles along passageways Location: Found in respiratory tract (mucosal Movement), fallopian tubes (Ova movement), sinuses (Pathogen removal Runny Nose) Cilia

C. Non-Ciliated Columnar Function: Microvilli secretion and Absorption Location: GI tract lining (Absorption of nutrients and water) & Gallbladder (Secretion of Bile)

SIMPLE EPITHELIUM

STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

A. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Functions: Mucus movement by cilia action Location: Found in upper respiratory tract and urethra, and gonads of males (Sperm maturation)

B. Stratified Squamous Functions: Protection of superficial layers of skin; vagina, mouth, esophagus, tongue Location: Keratinized = Superficial Layers of Skin Non-Keratinized = Wet Surfaces (Mouth, Vagina, Tongue)

C. Stratified Cuboidal Functions: Protection and limited secretion of sweat glands Location: Sudoriferous Glands (SWEAT)

D. Transitional Epithelium Function: Accommodate distension in the urinary tract and vaginal walls as fluid pressures vary. Stretched = Squamous Relaxed = Cuboidal   Location: Lining of the ureters, urethra, and bladder

Transitional Epithelium (600x)

Glandular Epithelium

A. Glandular Epithelium: Endocrine Function: Produce hormones Location: Thyroid, Pituitary Gland, Ovaries,Testicles

B. Exocrine Glands Merocrine (or Eccrine) secretion Apocrine secretion Forms the product and discharge from the cell entirely Salivary Glands Apocrine secretion Product forms at apical surface and pinches off from rest of cell Mammary gland Holocrine secretion Accumulates secretory product in cytosol, cell dies and is discharge with its product Sebaceous Gland (Acne)

Binds organs together, energy reserves for fat Connective Tissue Binds organs together, energy reserves for fat

Connective Tissue Three basic characteristics- 1.Cell Types Fibroblasts – Large, flat immature cells responsible for mitosis & chemical secretion of matrix compds Macrophages – Fixed vs. Wandering = Local or systemic Phagocytosis Plasma Cells – Synthesis of B Lymphocoyte ~ Antibodies Mast Cells – Histamine production, Heparin & Warfarin (Anticoagulants)

2.Ground Substance (Matrix) Hyaluronic Acid Cell binding, wound healing Chondroitin Sulfate Adhesiveness for bone, cartilage Dermatan Sulfate skin, tendons, heart valves Keratan Sulfate Bone, Cartilage

3.Fibers (Matrix) Collagen – Strength for tissues, most abundant Elastin – Elasticity of tissues up to 150% of normal size

Elasticity Strength

Skeletal Muscle Tissue Areolar Loose Con. Tissue Hyaline Cartilage Cardiac Muscle Skeletal Muscle Tissue Areolar Loose Con. Tissue Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Adipose Loose Con. Tissue Nervous Tissue Stratified Squamous Epithelium Smooth Muscle Tissue Bone Connective Tissue

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM SIMPLE SQUAMOUS SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM PSEUDO-STRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM DENSE REGULAR FIBROUS TISSUE (TENDON)

Provides for support, Movement-Marrow (blood-forming) BONE Calcium Haversian Canal Compact vs. Spongy Provides for support, Movement-Marrow (blood-forming)

Cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage Extremely strong, but very flexible and elastic Chondrocyte Ground Substance Lacuna Extremely strong, but very flexible and elastic Smooth surface for reduction of friction Movement of Joints, Flexibility Support (Trachea), Ossification

Fibrocartilage Extremely tough Acts as a shock absorber Ex: ball and socket joints, intervertebral disc

Elastic Cartilage Abundance of elastin for stretching capability Nose, Ears, epiglottis, larynx

Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue

Dense Regular (Fibrous) Connective Tissue Dense, Closely packed collagen fibers that provide high tensile strength Strong attachment for Tendons (Muscle to Bone), Ligaments (Bone to Bone)

Loose Connective Tissue

Areolar Connective Fibroblasts Elastin Collagen Provides strength, elasticity, and support to subcutaneous layer and pappilary regions of skin Consists of Collagen, Elastic, Reticular fibers

Adipose Tissue FAT Insulation Nucleus Fat Storage Blood Vessel Energy Reserves

Adipose Fat (White): Used for insulation, energy reserve, fat storage

Adipose Fat (Brown): Generates body heat in newborns that do not shiver After infants grow up, most of the mitochondria (gives the brown color) disappears, becomes similar to white fat. Recent Research=brown fat is related not to white fat, but to skeletal muscle

Loose Conn. Tissue Reticular Cartilage Reticular – Form covering of many internal organs (Stroma)

Blood ALWAYS Red!!!!! Clotting (platelets) Immunity (WBC’s) Oxygen Transport Clotting (platelets) Immunity (WBC’s) Nutrient delivery ALWAYS Red!!!!!

Muscle Tissue Movement and force application

Cardiac Muscle Composes the heart wall Functions in pumping blood to all parts of the body Intercalated discs contain Gap Junctions (Communication) & Desmosomes (Anchor)

Skeletal Muscle Tissue Attached to bones by tendons Functions in body movements, posture, thermogenesis Only Muscle tissue controlled voluntarily

Smooth Muscle Tissue Forms walls of many internal organs ie: Stomach, GI tract, Uterus, Anus Functions in motion of internal organs

Nervous Tissue Axon Dendrite Nucleus Consists of Neuron and Neuroglia Neuron – Conversion from stimulus response to action potential (Sensory, Motor, Interneuron) Dendrites – Reacts to stimuli Axons – Conductor of impulse Axon Dendrite Nucleus Nervous Tissue

Skeletal Muscle Tissue Areolar Loose Con. Tissue Hyaline Cartilage Cardiac Muscle Skeletal Muscle Tissue Areolar Loose Con. Tissue Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Adipose Loose Con. Tissue Nervous Tissue Stratified Squamous Epithelium Smooth Muscle Tissue Bone Connective Tissue

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM SIMPLE SQUAMOUS SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM PSEUDO-STRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM DENSE REGULAR FIBROUS TISSUE (TENDON)

The End! Sad? Need a Tissue?