ENLIGHTENMENT THINKERS CA State Standard 10.2.1: Compare the major ideas of philosophers and their effects on the democratic revolutions in England, the United States, and Latin America (e.g. John Locke, Charles-Louis Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Simon Bolivar, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison)

Age of Reason Reason and thought Power of the individual Height 1700s

Thomas Hobbes “war…of every man against every man,” and life would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short” Social Contract Leviathan (1651) Absolute monarchy

John Locke Two Treatises of Government Self-government 3 natural rights

Natural Rights Life: everyone is entitled to live once they are created Liberty: everyone is entitled to do what they want as long as it does not interfere with the right to life Property: everyone is entitled to all they create or gain through gift or trade as long as it does not interfere with the right to life or liberty

Philosophes Means “philosopher” in French Mid-1700s in France Application of reason 5 core beliefs Reason Nature Happiness Progress Liberty

Voltaire “I don’t believe a word you say but will defend to the death you right to say it.” Tolerance, reason, freedom of religious beliefs, freedom of speech Targeted clergy, aristocracy and government Jailed twice and exiled to England for 2 years

Baron de Montesquieu “Power should be a check to power.” French writer On the Spirit of Laws (1748) Separation of Powers

Jean Jacques Rousseau “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” Social Contract Individual Freedom Opposite views of most enlightenment thinkers Abolish noble titles

Cesare Bonesana Beccaria Preservation of social order Abolish torture and capital punishment Greatest good

Mary Wollstonecraft “If absolute sovereignty be not necessary in a state, how comes it to be so in a family?...If all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?” A Vindication of the Right of Women (1792) Education of Women Self-taught

Legacy of the Enlightenment Belief in Progress Secular Outlook Importance of the Individual Scientific Revolution Social equality Style of government (Democratic) Theories of the Universe Question religious beliefs Tolerance of religions Looked to themselves for answers Logic and reason to judge right v. wrong Individual in society