KC 5.3: Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform Period 5: 1750-1900

The rise & diffusion of ENLIGHTENMENT thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded the revolutions & rebellions against existing governments

Thinkers applied new ways of understanding the natural world to human relationships, encouraging observation & inference in all spheres of life Voltaire Rousseau

Intellectuals critiqued the role that religion played in public life, insisting on the importance of reason as opposed to revelation

Enlightenment thinkers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract Locke Montesquieu

The ideas of Enlightenment thinkers influenced resistance to existing political authority, as reflected in revolutionary documents KNOW THESE THREE REVOLUTIONARY DOCUMENTS: Declaration of Independence Jamaica Letter Declaration of the Rights of Man

Declaration of Independence United States of America Thomas Jefferson We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights. That among these are life, liberty, & the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their power from the consent of the governed. That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it.

Jamaica Letter Jamaica Simon Bolivar I hope that the success that followed the Spanish arms may now turn in favor of their adversaries, the badly oppressed people of South America. Success will crown our efforts because the destiny of America has been irrevocably decided; the tie that bound her to Spain has been severed. It would be easier to have the two continents meet than to reconcile the spirits of the two countries.

Declaration of the Rights of Man France National Assembly Men are born free & remain equal in rights The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural.. Rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, & resistance to oppression 6. No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in the cases… prescribed by law 8. All persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty 9. No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions

These ideas influenced many people to challenge existing notions of social relations, which led to the expansion of rights as seen in expanded suffrage, the abolition of slavery, and the end of serfdom, as their ideas were implemented

Beginning in the 18th Century, peoples around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, & territory. These newly imagined NATIONAL COMMUNITIES linked this identity with the borders of the state, while governments used this idea to unite diverse populations.

Increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist & revolutionary movements.

Subjects challenged the centralized imperial governments American colonial subjects led a series of rebellions which facilitated the emergence of independent states in the United States, Haiti, & mainland Latin America French subjects rebelled against their monarchy

Required Examples of Rebellions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Latin American Revolutions

Slave resistance challenged existing authorities in the Americas Establishment of Maroon societies

Increasing questions about political authority & growing nationalism contributed to anticolonial movements

Some of the rebellions were influenced by religious ideas & millenarianism Taiping Rebellion The Ghost Dance The Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

Responses to increasingly frequent rebellions led to reforms in imperial policies Tanzimat Reforms Self Strengthening Movement

The global spread of European political & social thought & the increasing number of rebellions stimulated new transnational ideologies & solidarities

Discontent with monarchist & imperial rule encouraged the development of political ideologies including LIBERALISM, SOCIALISM, & COMMUNISM

Demands for WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE & an emergent feminism challenged political & gender hierarchies Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Women Olympia de Gouge’s Declaration of the Rights of Women & the Female Citizen The Resolution passed at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848