Clinical Psychology Schizophrenia 5.1 Content 5.2 Methods 5.3 Studies 5.4 Key Question 5.5 Practical Investigation 5.6 Issues and Debates

Clinical Psychology Schizophrenia Two facts and a myth

Schizophrenia Description of symptoms and features thought insertion, hallucinations, delusions, disordered thinking. Biological Cause: The function of neurotransmitters Biological Cause: Genetic Cognitive Cause: Attention deficient theory Biological Treatment: Medication Cognitive Treatment: CBT

Louis Wain

Schizophrenia Description of symptoms and features AO1: thought insertion, hallucinations, delusions, disordered thinking. AO1: Define the symptoms and features. AO2: Give examples of the symptoms and features. Explain how the DSM and ICD are similar and different.

5.1.2 Classification systems (DSM IVR or DSM V, and ICD) for mental health, including reliability and validity of diagnoses. DSM and ICD Apart from the symptoms - What else should be taken into account? Why is this important? How does this relate to the 4Ds

5.1.2 Classification systems (DSM IVR or DSM V, and ICD) for mental health, including reliability and validity of diagnoses. AO1: Classification Grouping symptoms identify symptoms to diagnose mental disorders psychologists, psychiatrists, health-care workers, social workers and educators. Strengths Weaknesses Helps communication between health professionals. Labelling: Self fulfilling prophesy/ stigma A correct diagnosis is vital = assisting in the treatment and control of the disorder and symptoms. Helps people seek treatment options Labelling: relief Inter-rater reliability

0_______________________80 5.1.2 Classification systems (DSM IVR or DSM V, and ICD) for mental health, including reliability and validity of diagnoses. Do Categorical Approach: ICD and DSM Classifies a person’s symptoms in term of which specific group they best (category) fit or belong to. The yes- no approach The focus is on diagnosing whether the person has or does not have a disorder. Dimensional Approach: Some disorders in the DSM V use this too. (Autism- Child) Acknowledges that everyone experiences that symptom to some extent and ranks the degree of the symptom. Continuum approach Can see changes over time Is the person experiences sleep problems YES NO How many hours of sleep have they received in the last week? 0_______________________80

5.1.2 Classification systems (DSM IVR or DSM V, and ICD) for mental health, including reliability and validity of diagnoses. DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Does not specify the cause of the disorder Combines illnesses into more specific and smaller categories than ICD. Does not include treatment options DSM V: divided into 3 sections Introduction Classification of the main mental health disorder Assessment measures to aid diagnosis eg: cultural formulation interview. Mental disorders ONLY  first published in 1952 Developed in response to the need of a census of mental health disorders using descriptions and classifications  Western cultures Developed in response to the need of a census of mental health disorders using descriptions and classifications

5.1.2 Classification systems (DSM IVR or DSM V, and ICD) for mental health, including reliability and validity of diagnoses. ICD Physical and Mental Disorders ICD is the foundation for the identification of health trends and statistics globally, and the international standard for reporting diseases and health conditions. Brought together in1891 1898- adopted by United states of America, Canada and Mexico Created by the World Health Organisation Does not specify the cause of the disorder The 11th revision is due to be published in 2018 http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/V

Codes 1-22 for a range of disorders 5.1.2 Classification systems (DSM IVR or DSM V, and ICD) for mental health, including reliability and validity of diagnoses. ICD I Certain infectious and parasitic diseases II Neoplasms III Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism IV Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases V Mental and behavioural disorders VI Diseases of the nervous system VII Diseases of the eye and adnexa Codes 1-22 for a range of disorders Chapter V Mental and behavioural disorders (F00-F99)

5.1.2 Classification systems (DSM IVR or DSM V, and ICD) for mental health, including reliability and validity of diagnoses. Comparing DSM and ICD DSM 5 Term ICD-10 Similarly Whereas

5.1.2 Classification systems (DSM IVR or DSM V, and ICD) for mental health, including reliability and validity of diagnoses. AO2: Compare the DSM with the ICD in terms of the classification of mental health. Similar Both use categorical approach No treatments No causation Both include mental disorders http://flipped.gardenpsychology.co.uk/a2-psychology/a2-class-resources/clinical/clinical-content/issues-in-diagnosis/ The APA works closely with staff from the WHO to ensure that the two systems are maximally compatible

5.1.2 Classification systems (DSM IVR or DSM V, and ICD) for mental health, including reliability and validity of diagnoses. DSM 5 Term ICD-10 Only covers mental disorders Whereas Covers all health conditions Produced by APA (single nation professional body) Produced by WHO united nations agency Revenue source for APA Free to access online Only available for psychiatrists to use Available to service providers English only Multi Lingual Officially recognised manuals used to categorise and diagnose mental disorders. 

Case study - Martin Discuss whether Martin would be diagnosed with schizophrenia Justify your decision Martin is a 21 year-old business major at a large university. Over the past few months his family and friends have noticed increasingly bizarre behaviours. On many occasions they’ve overheard him whispering in an agitated voice, even though there is no one nearby. Lately, he has refused to answer or make calls on his cell phone, claiming that if he does it will activate a deadly chip that was implanted in his brain by evil aliens. He has accused his family on several occasions of conspiring with the aliens to have him killed so they can remove his brain and put it inside one of their own. Martin frequently breaks down in tears when he confronts his family of conspiring with the aliens to have him killed. He doesn’t understand why they want to hurt him. He has stopped attended classes altogether. He is now so far behind in his coursework that he will fail if something doesn’t change very soon.

Sue Morgan https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OjM9Gl_MLyQ Describe Sue’s symptoms and features in terms of Schizophrenia. EXPLANATIONS: 2. Why she is experiencing Schizophrenia? neurotransmitters one other biological explanation: Genetics a non-biological explanation: Attention Deficit Theory Evaluate the explanations: (Strengths and Weaknesses) TREATMENT: Biological Treatment: Drugs Non-Biological Treatment: CBT for Schizophrenia Evaluate the Treatment

What percentage of people experience schizophrenia? Multiple Choice What percentage of people experience schizophrenia? A: B: C: D: 0.3-0.7% 1% 0.2% 3-7%

Multiple Choice Which of the following has the highest comorbid with schizophrenia? A: B: C: D: Anxiety Substance abuse Depression Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Multiple Choice Late onset when someone is diagnosed with schizophrenia after they are ______years old. _____ are over represented in this form of schizophrenia. A: B: C: D: 50, Male 50, Female 40, Male 40, Female

What percentage of people with Schizophrenia take their life? Multiple Choice What percentage of people with Schizophrenia take their life? A: B: C: D: 1-2% 5-6% 10-12% 15-18%

Multiple Choice Which statement best describes the typical onset of the condition. A: B: C: D: Males: early 20s Females: late 20s- early 30s. Females: early 20s Males: late 20s- early 30s Females and Males: late 20-early 30s Depends greatly upon your culture

Features of Schizophrenia 0.3-0.7% of people experience schizophrenia. Substance abuse has the highest comorbid with schizophrenia? 5-6% of people with Schizophrenia take their life. Duerr (2013) adolescents with psychotic symptoms are nearly 70 times more likely to attempt suicide. People who are experiencing social problems, (poverty, unemployment) are more likely to develop Schizophrenia. The typical onset of the condition. Males: early 20s and Females: late 20s- early 30s. Ave. life expectancy tends to be 10+ years less if a person has Schizophrenia. Goldstein (1998) found that women aged 45 and under have a less severe course of Schizophrenia. They are many types of Schizophrenia: Paranoid Schizophrenia, Disorganised Schizophrenia, Catatonic Schizophrenia, Residual Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder, Undifferentiated Schizophrenia.