CH 3 Biochemistry

Water Water’s Polarity Molecules that have an unequal distribution of charges are called polar molecules. Polarity is the property of having two opposite poles. A hydrogen bond is a weak interaction involving a hydrogen atom and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom.

Water

Hydrogen Bonding Hydrogen bond attraction between two water molecules. Cohesion water’s ability to stick to itself. Adhesion water’s ability to stick to other things.

Water characteristics High heat capacity – temperature changes slowly. Water is a solvent. Ice can float. Water is cohesive & adhesive.

Review Describe the structure of a water molecule. How do polar compounds differ from nonpolar compounds? What happens to ions when they are mixed in water? Define cohesion and adhesion.

The Building Blocks of Life Organic Chemistry The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules.

Carbon has four electrons in its outermost energy level. One carbon atom can form four covalent bonds with other atoms. Carbon compounds can be in the shape of straight chains, branched chains, and rings.

Formation of polymers from monomers Condensation or dehydration reaction. Water is being formed when two reactants form a product

Breaking down of polymers into monomers Hydrolysis Water is being added to the reactants to form the products.

Macromolecules Carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon molecules. Macromolecules are large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together. Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds linked together by a series of covalent bonds.

Review What is an organic molecule? What property allows carbon compounds to exist in a number of forms? How do polymers form?

Carbohydrates Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom—(CH2O)n

Carbohydrates Function of carbohydrates: Quick energy Building blocks of carbohydrates. Monosaccharides Two monosaccharides joined together form a disaccharide. Polysaccharides Longer carbohydrate, ex starch.

Review Define the following monosaccharide, diaccharide, and polysaccharide. What is the function of carbohydrates? Where is energy stored in carbohydrates?

Lipids Function Long term energy, insulation, protection All lipids do not dissolve in water. Building blocks of lipids glycerol and fatty acids Types of lipid trigylcerides phosopholipids steroids waxes and oils

Lipids A triglyceride is a fat if it is solid at room temperature and an oil if it is liquid at room temperature. Lipids that have tail chains with only single bonds between the carbon atoms are called saturated fats. Lipids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the tail chain are called unsaturated fats. Fats with more than one double bond in the tail are called polyunsaturated fats.

Review What is the function of lipids? What are the building blocks of lipids? Name at least two types of lipids.

Proteins A compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids. Amino acids are small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

Proteins Function Building blocks of living things Can be enzymes – a biocatalysts that speed up chemical reactions without changing the outcome of the reaction. Enzymes are specific to a substrate.

Proteins Amino acids have a central carbon atom. One of the four carbon bonds is with hydrogen. The other three bonds are with an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), and a variable group (–R).

Proteins The number and the order in which the amino acids are joined define the protein’s primary structure. After an amino acid chain is formed, it folds into a unique three-dimensional shape, which is the protein’s secondary structure, such as a helix or a pleat.

Review What are the building blocks of proteins? What the two secondary structures that proteins can form? Define an enzyme.

Nucleic acids Function Stores genetic information Stores energy Building blocks nucleotides 1. phosphate 2. pentose sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) 3. Nitrogen base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymies, uracil) Found in DNA RNA ATP

Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information. Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides, composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms.

Review What is the function of nucleic acids? What are the building blocks of nucleic acids What are the parts of the building blocks?