Aim: To what extent were early river valley civilizations similar? Vocabulary: Fertile Crescent, ziggurat, Cuneiform, irrigation, hieroglyphics, Pyramids

The characteristics of a civilization A) Social – 1) Religion – 2) Writing – 3) Status - B) Economic – 1) Trade – 2) Jobs – C) Political – 1) Government - 2) Law -

Identify the major Early River Valley Civilizations http://web.syr.edu/~clmitche/River.htm

River Valley Empires (Political) 3200 BC - AD 400 Mesopotamian Empires: 2340 BCE-1600 BCE (City-States dominate) 2340 BCE: Sargon Akkad takes Sumer, establishing the first empire. c. 2125-2027 BCE: The Third Dynasty of Ur 1900-1600 BCE: The First Babylonian Empire c. 1900 BCE: Ammorites establish Babylon 1792-1750 BCE: Reign of Hammurabi c. 1600 BCE: Invasions by Hittites and Kassites destroys the empire Egyptian Civilization: 3100 BCE - 332 BCE (Most unified River Civilization) 3100-2686 BCE: Archaic Period 2686-2181 BCE: Old Kingdom 1991-1636 BCE: Middle Kingdom 1578-1085 BCE: New Kingdom 1085-332 BCE: Late Dynastic Period 332 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt Harappan Civilization: 2600 -1300 BC 2600-2500 BC: Harappan Civilization is at its height 2000-1900 BC: Harappan Civilization collapses c. 1300 BC: Aryans migrate into the Indus Valley through Khyber Pass c. 1000 BC: Aryan migrate into the Ganges Valley The Early Chinese Civilization: 2205 BC- AD 220 Shang Dynasty 1600BCE-1026BCE Zhou Dynasty 1026BCE-400BCE (weakened by 800BCE) 221-207 BC: Qin dynasty – In between Yellow and Yangtze Rivers unified by Qin Emperor 206 BC- AD 9: Former Han dynasty AD 25--220: Later Han dynasty http://www.thenagain.info/WebChron/World/RiverValley.html

Mesopotamia (land between the 2 Rivers) – Sumer = Southern Mesopotamia Mesopotamian Empires: 2340 BCE-1600 BCE (City-States dominate) 2340 BCE: Sargon Akkad takes Sumer, establishing the first empire. c. 2125-2027 BCE: The Third Dynasty of Ur 1900-1600 BCE: The First Babylonian Empire c. 1900 BCE: Ammorites establish Babylon 1792-1750 BCE: Reign of Hammurabi c. 1600 BCE: Invasions by Hittites and Kassites destroys the empire

2686-2181 BCE: Old Kingdom - Pyramids Egypt = most powerful ARC because the Nile is the best River so has most specialists Egyptian Civilization: 3100 BCE - 332 BCE (Most unified River Civilization) 3100-2686 BCE: Archaic Period 2686-2181 BCE: Old Kingdom - Pyramids 1991-1636 BCE: Middle Kingdom – Super-Forts and Nubian Pharaohs 1578-1085 BCE: New Kingdom – Valley of the Kings 1085-332 BCE: Late Dynastic Period 332 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Egypt

Harappan Civilization: 2600 -1300 BC Indus River Valley – Harappan Civilization – Running water, know least about because of environmental disaster leads to sudden disappearance Harappan Civilization: 2600 -1300 BC 2600-2500 BC: Harappan Civilization is at its height 2000-1900 BC: Harappan Civilization collapses c. 1300 BC: Aryans migrate into the Indus Valley through Khyber Pass c. 1000 BC: Aryan migrate into the Ganges Valley

The Early Chinese Civilization: 2205 BC- AD 220 China – Yellow River expands to Yangtze River – invents everything on its own because isolated from the rest of Eurasia The Early Chinese Civilization: 2205 BC- AD 220 Shang Dynasty 1600BCE-1026BCE Zhou Dynasty 1026BCE-400BCE (weakened by 800BCE) 221-207 BC: Qin dynasty – In between Yellow and Yangtze Rivers unified by Qin Emperor 206 BC- AD 9: Former Han dynasty AD 25--220: Later Han dynasty

Is writing an important aspect of a civilization? Sumer- Cuneiform -1500 BCE Phoenician Alphabet diffused Egypt- Hieroglyphics Indus River Valley- Cuneiform Diffused China- Chinese Symbols

  In Sumer, the original writing was pictographic ("picture writing"); individual words were represented by crude pictorial symbols that resembled in some way the object being represented, as in the Sumerian word for king, lu-gal : The Akkadians The first symbol pictures "gal," or "great," and the second pictures "lu," or "man." Eventually, this pictorial writing developed into a more abstract series of wedges and hooks. These wedges and hooks are the original cuneiform. http://wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/CUNEI.HTM

Can you solve this ancient Sumerian riddle? "A house... one enters it blind, one leaves it seeing." http://www.upenn.edu/museum/Games/sumerianTshirt.html

Hieroglyphics Pbs.org

Harappan Seals http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization#Science

Chinese Writing (Qin) An imperial decree from Chinese Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi, this plaque orders the standardization of national units of measurement, currency, and writing. Until the Qin dynasty, Chinese writing varied from region to region, but the adoption of a universal standard enabled the Chinese people to communicate across regional boundaries, despite many differences in spoken language. encarta

SUMER EGYPT SOCIAL STRUCTURE COMPARING SOCIAL STRUCTURES: BASED ON THE FOLLOWING TWO DIAGRAMS, COMPARE THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF ANCIENT EGYPT AND SUMER.

Architecture What can we learn about a civilization from its architecture?

Ziggurat Q: Why were ziggurats built in Sumer? http://www.usfca.edu/westciv/Ziggurat.html Google images

Pyramids Q: What purpose did the pyramids serve?

Structures in the Indus River Valley Civilization Mohenjo-Daro had planned city streets and buildings. The settlement was thought to house roughly 5,000 people, and had houses, a granary (stores grain), baths, assembly halls and towers. The city was divided into two parts, the Citadel included an elaborate tank or bath created with fine quality brickwork and drains; this was surrounded by a veranda. Also located here was a giant granary, a large residential structure, and at least two aisled assembly halls. To the east of the citadel was the lower city, laid out in a grid pattern. The streets were straight, and were drained to keep the area sanitary. The people of the city used very little stone in their construction. They used two types of bricks - mud bricks, and wood bricks, which were created by burning wood. They used timber to create the flat roofs of their buildings; there are brick stairways leading to the roofs of many houses. Some houses were small, and others were larger with interior courtyards. Most had small bathrooms. Potter’s kilns, dyer’s vats, as well as metalworking, bead making, and shell-working shops have all been discovered. The people were good at irrigation and flood control. However, when the Indus River changed its course around 3700 years ago, the civilization died. http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/middle_east/mohenjo_daro.html

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/middle_east/mohenjo_daro.html

Early Chinese Bronze Vessels Shang Dynasty Qin Dynasty http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/images/qin-brn1.jpg

COMPARING CODES OF LAW: The Code of Hammurabi (1750 BC)  If any one ensnare another, putting a ban upon him, but he can not prove it, then he that ensnared him shall be put to death.  If any one is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put to death.  If a son strike his father, his hands shall be hewn off.  If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out. [ An eye for an eye ] Q: Do you believe that the Code of Hammurabi is fair? http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTM

If the woman die, his daughter shall be put to death. If a man strike a free-born woman so that she lose her unborn child, he shall pay ten shekels for her loss. If the woman die, his daughter shall be put to death. If he strike the maid-servant of a man, and she lose her child, he shall pay two shekels in money. If this maid-servant die, he shall pay one-third of a mina. Q: How is the Code of Hammurabi applied to different classes? http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTM

http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/peasant.htm

Q: Compare the treatment of people in different classes under the Code of Hammurabi and ancient Egyptian law.

Writing Assignment Using your homework assignments and the material we have learned in class write two paragraphs on the following: Compare two early river civilizations and explain how they were similar (use two examples). Compare two early river civilizations and explain how they were different (use two examples).