LECTURE 6 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT migration refers to directed, regular, or systematic movement of a group of objects, organisms, or people, including: Human migration denotes any movement (physical or psychological) by humans from one district to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups. The movement of populations in modern times has continued under the form of both voluntary migration within one's region, country, or beyond, and involuntary migration (which includes the slave trade, trafficking in human beings and ethnic cleansing). People who migrate are called migrants, or, more specifically, emigrants, immigrants or settlers, depending on historical setting, circumstances and perspective. The pressures of human migrations, whether as outright conquest or by slow cultural infiltration and resettlement, have affected the grand epochs in history (e.g. the Decline of the Roman Empire); under the form of colonization, migration has transformed the world (e.g. the prehistoric and historic settlements of Australia and the Americas). Population genetics studied in traditionally settled modern populations have opened a window into the historical patterns of migrations, a technique pioneered by Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza.

LECTURE 6 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT 2 Different types of migration, Daily human commuting, Seasonal human migration, Permanent migration, for the purposes of permanent or long-term stays. Local, Regional Rural to Urban, more common in developing countries as industrialization takes effect (urbanization) Urban to Rural, more common in developed countries due to a higher cost of urban living (suburbanization) International migrationTypes of migrations The cyclic movement which involves commuting,and a seasonal movement, and nomadism. The periodic movement which consists of migrant labor, military service, and pastoral farming Transhumance. The migratory movement that moves from the eastern part of the US to the western part. It also moves from China to southeast Asia, from Europe to North America, and from South America to the middle part of the Americas. Rural exodus

LECTURE 6 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT 3 Modern migration Industrialisation While the pace of migration had accelerated since the 18th century already (including the involuntary slave trade), it would increase further in the 19th century. Manning distinguishes three major types of migration: labor migration, refugee migrations, and, lastly, urbanization. Millions of agricultural workers left the countryside and moved to the cities causing unprecedented levels of urbanization. This phenomenon began in Britain in the late 18th century and spread around the world and continues to this day in many areas. World War II See World War II evacuation and expulsion and Population transfer in the Soviet Union for World War II forced migrations.

LECTURE 6 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT 4 Ravenstein's 'laws of migration' Certain laws of social science have been proposed to describe human migration. The following was a standard list after Ravenstein's proposals during the time frame of 1834 to 1913. The laws are as follows: every migration flow generates a return or countermigration. the majority of migrants move a short distance. migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas. families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.

LECTURE 6 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT 5 Other migration models Migration occurs because individuals search for food, sex and security outside their usual habitation.(Idyorough, 2008) Zipf's Inverse distance law Gravity model of migration Buffer Theory Stouffer's Theory of intervening opportunities (1940) Lee's Push-pull theory (1967) Zelinsky's Mobility Transition Model (1971) Bauder's Regulation of labor markets (2006) "suggests that the international migration of workers is necessary for the survival of industrialized economies...[It] turns the conventional view of international migration on its head: it investigates how migration regulates labor markets, rather than labor markets shaping migration flows."

LECTURE 6 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT 6 Push Factors Not enough jobs Few opportunities "Primitive" conditions Desertification Famine/drought Political fear/persecution Poor medical care Loss of wealth Natural Disasters Death threats Slavery Pollution Poor housing Landlords Bullying Poor chances of finding courtship Pull Factors Job opportunities Better living conditions Political and/or religious freedom Enjoyment Education Better medical care Security Family links Industry Better chances of finding courtship

LECTURE 6 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT 7 Migration like any other process shapes many fields of life, having both advantages and disadvantages. Effects of migrations are: changes in population distribution demographic consequences: since migration is selective of particular age groups, migrants are mostly young and in productive age. It can cause a demographic crisis – population ageing, what in turn can be followed by economic problems (shrinking group of economically active population has to finance extending group of inactive population). economic results which are of the greatest importance for the development of the countries. decreases in global poverty

LECTURE 6 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT 8 Migration has had a significant effect on world geography. It has contributed to the evolution and development of separate cultures. It has contributed to the diffusion of cultures by interchange and communication. It has contributed to the complex mix of people and cultures found in different regions of the world today