Unit 2 2.1 Metabolic Pathways & their Control Higher Biology Unit 2 2.1 Metabolic Pathways & their Control

National 5 Revision Think! With your group, write down everything you remember on the structure and function of the cell (plasma) membrane. Now “carousel”. Try to find additional information from the other groups to take back to your group.

National 5 Revision Now watch a short video clip on cell membranes. How much did you remember?

National 5 Revision The cell membrane controls the entry and exit of substances into and out of the cell. It is composed of a double layer of phospholipids, with proteins embedded within it or attached to it. Phospholipid bilayer Protein

National 5 Revision The phospholipid bi-layer keeps the membrane fluid and flexible. The cell membrane is selectively permeable. This means that small molecules such as glucose can pass through the membrane freely whilst large, insoluble molecules e.g. starch cannot. Proteins in the membrane are involved in transport.

National 5 Revision The three methods of transporting molecules through the membrane are; Diffusion – molecules move down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration). No energy required. Osmosis – diffusion of water molecules. Active transport - molecules move up a concentration gradient (from low to high concentration).

Membranes The cell membrane forms a boundary between the cell and its external environment. It has the function of transporting materials into and out of the cell. Membranes help to regulate metabolism in a cell.

Membranes Organelles within the cell are bound by membranes This keeps metabolites; close together for reactions separated (digestive enzymes would damage the cell)

Membranes Some organelles have folds in their inner membranes. These provide a large surface area for reactions. They also form small compartments that localise metabolic pathways.

Membranes & Reaction Rates These small compartments create a high surface area : volume. This allows high concentrations of enzymes and substrates to be kept close together, resulting in faster reaction rates.

Membrane Proteins Different proteins in the membrane have different functions. For metabolism, there are proteins for; Pores Enzymes Pumps

Pores Protein pores allow ions and molecules to move passively across the membrane. These channel-forming proteins allow the transport of specific substances, making the membrane selectively permeable.

Enzymes Some membrane proteins act as enzymes to catalyse reactions. An example of this is the enzyme ATP synthase, which is used to produce ATP.

Pumps Protein pumps in the membrane are involved in active transport. This is the movement of molecules and ions against a concentration gradient. Protein pumps require energy from ATP for this. This means factors that affect the rate of respiration will also affect the rate of active transport.

“What do you mean, I need ATP? I thought you said a tepee.” Pumps Limiting factors of respiration include; temperature concentration of oxygen concentration of glucose “What do you mean, I need ATP? I thought you said a tepee.”

Sodium-potassium Pump An example of a protein involved in active transport is the sodium- potassium pump. Sodium ions are actively pumped out of the cell. Potassium ions are actively pumped in. Sodium Potassium

Key Points Membranes form compartments to localise metabolism. Compartments allow high concentrations of metabolites and high reaction rates. Proteins embedded in phospholipid bilayers have functions such as pores, pumps and enzymes.

Questions Give two examples of organelles bounded by membranes. Explain the advantage of membrane-bound compartments in cells. Give two roles of proteins embedded in phospholipid membranes.

Describe how temperature & oxygen concentration affect the rate of sodium ion transport across the membrane. Explain why transport of sodium ions is associated with a decrease in glucose concentration.

Extended Answer Question Write notes on each of the following; metabolic pathways 4 marks the functions of membranes 5 marks