Human Physiology Organ Systems Ch.35-1

Levels of organization Cells -> _________ -> ___________ -> _________ ________-> organisms

Different types of organ systems Endocrine System – Nervous System – Circulatory System – 4. Respiratory System -

Different types of organ systems Urinary/Excretory System – Immune System – 7. Skeletal/Muscular System – Digestive System – 9. Integumentary System

Homeostasis the regulation and maintenance of internal environment within the narrow ranges that support life _____________________ Ex. ___________________________________

Human Biology Nervous System Ch. 35-2, 3, 4 & 5

Physiology Objectives 9. As a result of the coordinated structures and functions of organ systems, the internal environment of the human body remains relatively stable (homeostatic), despite changes in the outside environment. As a basis for understanding this concept, students know: a. how the complementary activity of major body systems provides cells with oxygen and nutrients, and removes toxic waste products such as carbon dioxide. b. how the nervous system mediates communication between different parts of the body and interactions with the environment. c. how feedback loops in the nervous and endocrine systems regulate conditions within the body. d. the functions of the nervous system, and the role of neurons in transmitting electrochemical impulses. e. the roles of sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons in sensation, thought, and response. f.* the individual functions and sites of secretion of digestive enzymes (amylases, proteases, nucleases, lipases), stomach acid, and bile salts. g.* the homeostatic role of the kidneys in the removal of nitrogenous wastes, and of the liver in blood detoxification and glucose balance. h.* the cellular and molecular basis of muscle contraction, including the roles of actin, myosin, Ca+2, and ATP. i.* how hormones (including digestive, reproductive, osmoregulatory) provide internal feedback mechanisms for homeostasis at the cellular level and in whole organisms.

Nerve cell (neuron) _________ -> _________ -> _______ (__________) -> _____________ __________ sheath speeds up the transmission of the nerve impulse.

Neuron

Types of Neuron ________ neuron – sends information from receptor in __________to ___________ ________ neuron – sends commands from _____ to __________ ___________ – connect ________ and ________neurons

The Reflex Arc The three types of neurons (________, __________, __________) are arranged in circuits and networks, the simplest of which is the ______________. A reflex does NOT involve the _________.

Type of Receptors 1. _____________(the retina of your eyes) = light ______ – sensitive to light but not to colors (night vision) ______ – color vision 2. _______________ (skin) = heat/cold 3. _______________(tongue, nose) = taste/smell 4. _________________ (pressure) = ears, skin

How does the action potential transmitted along an axon of a neuron? _________________(nerve impulse or electrical message) = travel along a neuron as flow of electrical charges across cell membranes. (______) _________________– when a neuron is not conducting an impulse, the neurons have ___________ potential. (________)

When a neuron is conducting an impulse, ________enters the neuron and it turns ___________. _________ leaves the neuron and it returns to _______ resting potential later.

Sodium-potassium Pump Na = sodium K = potassium During an action potential or nerve impulse, _____________& ______________through channel proteins. So, Na-K pumps have to make sure Na & K concentrations return to normal. After an action potential, Na-K pump moves ________& _______to return to the resting potential using energy/ATP’s. (_______________) Sodium-potassium pump is a protein that acts like a __________.

Sodium-potassium pump

How do neurons communicate? ________ transmission along a neuron and a ________ transmission between two neurons.

Synapse = ____________________

Synapse Nerve impulse in the___________ neuron makes __________ with ____________ to fuse with the membrane. ________ release _________ into synapse. N.T. diffuse across synapse and bind to ____________ on ___________membrane. Impulse is started and travels down the ________-synaptic neuron. _________ breaks down N.T. to stop transmission.

Synapse

Brain

Brain Anatomy * _____________ – largest part of the brain, controls conscious thought & memory. * _____________ -controls muscle action & balance (__________________in your ______ also helps with balance.) * ___________________ – deals with basic needs such as sleep, hunger, thirst, temp regulation * Brain stem (3 parts) -________________ – controls reflexes -_____________________- controls heart rate, breathing rate & flow of blood -_____________ – relay station between cerebrum & cerebellum

Effect of drugs Drugs usually affect __________. Ex. Prozac for depression increases __________ (mood-enhancing neurotransmitter) level in the synapse. Prozac is the commercial name for fluoxetine, the first serotonin reuptake inhibitor Parkinsons’ disease is caused by a decrease in _________ level. When a drug blocks the dopamine receptors, schizophrenia is temporarily treated.

Effect of Drugs _______________ – stimulates the nervous system. ex. ___________________________ ____________ – lowers the activity of the nervous system. ex. ____________________ __________ – relieves pain ex. ___________________________

Endocrine System Ch. 39

Endocrine System Function Maintains homeostasis in the body by secreting ____________. Works closely with _________ system

Feedback Loop ________ Feedback Amount of hormone released is stimulated rather than inhibited (self-perpetuating) Is less common and rarely used to maintain homeostasis (because creating imbalance) ex. ________enhances labor contraction.

Feedback Loop _________ Feedback -Amount of hormone released depends on body’s demand for that hormone (self-regulating) -causes hormones to feedback to inhibit the original signal when appropriate amount is present. Ex. temp

Hormones Chemicals secreted by _________ glands in the bloodstream. Travel through the ___________ to reach their specific target cells. Bind to ________ on the target cells to cause specific actions such as growth, development, and behavior.

Types of Hormone Peptide hormones

Types of hormone

Insulin vs. Glucagon ________ decreases blood glucose level. _______ increases blood glucose level.

Regulation of blood calcium level ___________ (secreted by thyroid gland) = decreases blood Ca+2 level ____________ (secreted by parathyroid gland) = increases blood Ca+2 level

Types of Glands