UNIT 4 CHAPTER 19 THE WORLD WAR I ERA THE WORLD WAR I ERA

Chapter 19: The World War I Era (1914–1920) America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 19: The World War I Era (1914–1920) Section 1: The Road to War Section 2: The United States Declares War Section 3: Americans on the European Front Section 4: Americans on the Home Front Section 5: Global Peacemaker

CORE OBJECTIVE: Analyze the causes and effects of World War I. Objective 4.4: Analyze the homefront and the ways in which America prepared for World War I. Objective 4.5: Describe the important provisions of the Treaty of Versailles that ended the war. THEME: At the beginning of the 20th century, a terrible war begins in Europe that will claim over 8 million lives. After staying neutral for a few years, the United States declared war to support its allies and felt the effects of warfare.

Presidents of the United States George Washington; Federalist (1788) John Adams; Federalist (1796) Thomas Jefferson (1800) James Madison (1808) James Monroe (1816) John Quincy Adams (1824) Andrew Jackson; Democrat (1828) Martin Van Buren; Democrat (1836) William Henry Harrison; Whig (1840) John Tyler; Whig (1841) James K. Polk; Democrat (1844) Zachary Taylor; Whig (1848) Millard Fillmore; Whig (1850) Franklin Pierce; Democrat (1852) James Buchanan; Democrat (1856) Abraham Lincoln; Republican (1860) Andrew Johnson; Democrat (1865) Ulysses S. Grant; Republican (1868) Rutherford B. Hayes; Republican (1876) James Garfield; Republican (1880) #21 - … Chester A. Arthur; Republican (1881) Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1884) Benjamin Harrison; Republican (1888) Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1892) William McKinley; Republican (1896) Theodore Roosevelt; Republican (1901) William Howard Taft; Republican (1909) #28 - Woodrow Wilson; Democrat (1913)

Chapter 19 Section 4 NOTES: AMERICANS ON THE HOME FRONT

Financing the War WRITE THIS DOWN! The government raised money for the war by selling Liberty Bonds, loans the public gave to the government Like all bonds, these could be redeemed later for their original value plus interest. Many patriotic Americans bought liberty bonds, raising more than $20 billion for the war effort. War Industries Board Oversaw war production & switched industries to military production This is how the government increased control over the economy

Liberty and victory loans raised $21 billion. WAR BONDS Financing the war: Sale of war bonds. Liberty and victory loans raised $21 billion. Raised income taxes

RATIONS WRITE THIS DOWN! Using the slogan, “Food will win the war,” Herbert Hoover, head of the Food Administration, began to manage how much food people bought. Hoover used rationing & imposed price controls, a system of pricing determined by the government Used rationing, or distributing goods to customers in a fixed amount. However, instead of forcing companies to comply, Hoover preferred to rely on voluntary restraint and increased efficiency.

VICTORY GARDENS

Enforcing loyalty Hate the Hun Repression of Civil Liberties WRITE THIS DOWN! Hate the Hun Fear of espionage, or spying, was widespread; restrictions on immigration were called for and achieved. The war spurred a general hostility toward Germans, often referred to as Huns in reference to European invaders of the fourth and fifth centuries. German music, literature, language, and cuisine became banned or unpopular. Repression of Civil Liberties Despite Wilson’s claim that the United States fought for liberty and democracy, freedom of speech was reduced during the war. Espionage Age (1917) and Sedition Act (1918) limit free speech Sedition, or any speech or action that encourages rebellion, became a crime. Over 1,000 citizens were convicted of sedition

African Americans WRITE THIS DOWN! African-American men served in segregated units and served noncombat roles. Many African Americans volunteered or were drafted for service. 300,000 are drafted into segregated units The Harlem Hell Fighters (369th) were loaned to the French and earned the Croix de Guerre With much of the work force in the military, factory owners and managers who had once discriminated against minorities began actively recruiting them. The flood of African Americans leaving the South to work in northern factories became known as the Great Migration.

The harlem hell fighters History Channel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEuoAl1elLU

NEW ROLES FOR WOMEN WRITE THIS DOWN! Military Service 11,000 women served in uniform as nurses, drivers, and clerks The diminished male work force also created new working opportunities for women. Many women joined the work force for the first time during the war. Some found work on farms with the Woman’s Land Army; others took jobs traditionally reserved for men in factories. 40,000 women found new jobs in industry

Americans on the Home Front Assessment The government increased control of the economy during World War I by Filing a record number of anti-trust suits. Eliminating price controls and rationing. Overseeing war-related production. Forbidding any unions to strike. Herbert Hoover, head of the Food Administration, worked to enforce loyalty. Encourage rationing and reduce waste. pass the Eighteenth Amendment. eliminate gasoline for the war effort.

Americans on the Home Front Assessment The government increased control of the economy during World War I by Filing a record number of anti-trust suits. Eliminating price controls and rationing. Overseeing war-related production. Forbidding any unions to strike. Herbert Hoover, head of the Food Administration, worked to enforce loyalty. Encourage rationing and reduce waste. pass the Eighteenth Amendment. eliminate gasoline for the war effort.

Chapter 19 Section 5 GLOBAL PEACEMAKER THE BIG 4 David Lloyd George Vitorio Orlando George Clemeneau Woodrow Wilson Great Britain Italy France U.S.

THE 14 POINTS “IRRECONCILABLES” As the war neared an end, President Wilson developed a program for peace known as the Fourteen Points, named for the number of provisions it contained. One of Wilson’s Fourteen Points called for a reduction of military forces. Another dealt with the right of Austria-Hungary’s ethnic groups to self- determination, or the power to make decisions about their own future. One of Wilson’s ideas, the formation of a League of Nations, was agreed upon at the Paris Peace Conference. The League of Nations was designed to bring the nations of the world together to ensure peace. Republicans in Congress, however, were concerned about Article 10 of the League’s charter, which contained a provision that they claimed might draw the United States into unpopular foreign wars. “IRRECONCILABLES”

The Peace Treaty During peace negotiations, Wilson’s Fourteen Points were discarded. France insisted that Germany be humiliated and financially crippled. Wilson opposed, claiming that these demands would lead to future wars. On June 28, 1919, the peace treaty, which came to be known as the Versailles Treaty, officially ended WWI The treaty required Germany to pay billions of dollars in reparations, or payment for economic injury suffered during the war. Despite Wilson’s intensive campaign in favor of the Versailles Treaty, Congress voted against ratifying it in November 1919. The United States declared the war officially over on May 20, 1920. It ratified separate peace treaties and did not join the newly formed League of Nations.

LEAGUE OF NATIONS U.S. Senators, called the Irreconcilables, vote against U.S. involvement Without the assistance of the of the United States the League of Nations was doomed to failure.

Redrawing the Map of Europe At the Paris Peace Conference, Britain, France, and the United States redrew the map of Europe. The treaty which was negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference redrew the map of Europe to the Allies’ advantage. Nine new nations were created from territory taken from Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Germany. Although most borders were drawn with the division of ethnic minorities in mind, the redivisions created new ethnic minorities in several countries.

Global Peacemaker — Assessment Under the terms of the peace treaty, Germany had to Give its colonies to the United States. Pay reparations to the Allies. Break up Czechoslovakia. Give its tanks and artillery to France. Why did the “irreconcilable” senators oppose the Versailles Treaty? They did not want the United States to join the League of Nations. They wanted harsher terms for Germany. They believed the treaty violated the Fourteen Points. They opposed the new Russian government

Global Peacemaker — Assessment Under the terms of the peace treaty, Germany had to Give its colonies to the United States. Pay reparations to the Allies. Break up Czechoslovakia. Give its tanks and artillery to France. Why did the “irreconcilable” senators oppose the Versailles Treaty? They did not want the United States to join the League of Nations. They wanted harsher terms for Germany. They believed the treaty violated the Fourteen Points. They opposed the new Russian government