Cell Biology Essential Questions: How does the structure of the cell relate to its function? What is the relationship between the cell’s function and human illness? B Handout (guided notes) can be accessed at https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-TPpnUrXQ3ms0qHYqvBQPZaPIYXA22-6k6TnhTPIzc4/edit?usp=sharing C

Cytology = the study of cells All Animal Cells have 3 main parts Nucleus Cytoplasm (cytosol) Cell Membrane All of the body’s functions are carried out by the cell, which are organized into tissues.

Cells within your body vary in size, structure, and function. They all start off the same way in an organism, but eventually DIFFERENTIATE into specific types of cells. What is cell differentiation? The process of cells becoming more specialized Cells pictured: neuron, red blood cells, columnar cells of respiratory system

Cell Membrane: (also called phospholipid bilayer) consists of phospholipids and embedded proteins. The membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell. It is SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE.

Many of the cell’s metabolic reactions occur in this area. The cytoplasm (cytosol) is the area between the nucleus and the membrane. (contains organelles) Many of the cell’s metabolic reactions occur in this area. Do you remember what metabolism is? Chemical process in cells to produce energy and substances to sustain life

ORGANELLES-  "little organs" within the cell that perform specific functions *As we explore each of the structures, consider how a failure in the structure results in disease*

1. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Transport system; canals and channels that connect membrane to nucleus and to organelles within the cell Function = transport system

1. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Smooth ER for lipid synthesis Rough ER Has ribosomes on the surface Ribosomes make protein

2. Golgi Apparatus Function = package and delivery of proteins produced by the ribosomes Proteins are exported in vesicles

3. Mitochondria ( The “powerhouse” of the cell ) Chemical energy from food is converted to a usable form (ATP) -- process is called Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration requires glucose (food) and oxygen

Mitochondrial Disorders When the mitochondria cannot produce enough ATP, cells lack energy to perform basic life processes. See Video (4 min)

4. Lysosomes - contain enzymes to break down substances (“suicide sac”) What is the purpose of the enzymes? break down substances in the cell, such as food or worn out cell parts, even bacteria.

Lysosome Storage Disorder - Watch Video (30 s) Tay Sachs - progressive deterioration of nerve cells and of mental and physical abilities that begins around 7 months of age and usually results in death by the age of four.

5. Centrosome (centrioles) – two cylinders; perpendicular During cell division, the centrioles form a spindle. The spindle moves chromosomes during cell division so that each new cell gets the proper number.

6. CYTOSKELETON made of microfilaments and microtubules for cell shape and support Cilia and Flagella - both involved in movement (Sketch a picture of each in your notes)

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia disorder causes cells to not create normal cilia. Cells scraped from the sinuses showed an irregularity in Mackenzie’s cilia. What is different about this cilia?

7. NUCLEUS - (the “brain” of the cell) Directs cell activities (the “brain” of the cell) Contains genetic information (DNA) in the form of chromatin Nucleolus – responsible for the production of ribosomes Has tiny pores in the nuclear membrane is where RNA can exit the nucleus

Cell membrane Lysosome Ribosome Mitochondria Golgi Apparatus Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Vesicle Chromatin Nucleolus Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Cytoplasm Nucleus membrane

Centriole Ribosome Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Mitochondria Nuclear Membrane Nucleolus Golgi Apparatus Vesicle Chromatin Lysosome Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cells must bring in materials, like food and oxygen and remove wastes. Movement of Substances Across the Membrane Sketch this picture in your notes of the phospholipid bilayer Cells must bring in materials, like food and oxygen and remove wastes. These processes occur at the cell membrane. PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

What limits the size of the cells? Cells are limited in size by the surface area (membrane) and volume (insides) ratio.

Increasing surface area can increase the cell’s efficiency moving substances. Cells of the digestive system have projections called villi that aid in absorbing nutrients. (video – 2 min)

Diffusion - molecules tend to spread out; moving from areas of high concentration to low concentration This process requires no energy, it is called PASSIVE TRANSPORT Diffusion Animation

Movement of Substances Through the Membrane Diffusion - molecules tend to spread out Facilitated Diffusion - uses proteins as passageways

SALT SUCKS Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic OSMOSIS - the diffusion of water Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic SALT SUCKS

Osmosis Animation Hypotonic Hypertonic

SOLUTIONS (check the pictures below in your notes) Hypertonic Solution Hypotonic Solution Isotonic Solution Water leaves the red blood cell Water enters and leaves at equal rates Water enters the red blood cell

Active Transport - requires energy (ATP) (video – 2 min) Exocytosis - transport out of the cell Endocytosis – transport into the cell (phagocytosis & pinocytosis) Where does the energy come from to power this type of transport? From ATP produced by the mitochondria

Sodium Potassium Pump (video – 2 min) Na+ /K+ -ATPase is an enzyme found in the plasma membrane of all animal cells. The Na+ /K+ -ATPase enzyme is a solute pump that pumps sodium out of cells while pumping potassium into cells, both against their concentration gradients.

A. Interphase = growth phase B. Mitosis = nuclear division Cells - Part 3 The Life Cycle of the Cell A. Interphase = growth phase B. Mitosis = nuclear division C. Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis (cell division) The steps of mitosis ensure that each new cell has the exact same number of chromosomes as the original

Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase IPMAT

The structure of a chromosome

1. chromosomes visible (chromatids) 2. centrioles migrate to the poles 3. nuclear membrane disappears 4. nucleolus disappears 5. spindle forms

chromosomes line up on the equator, spindle attaches

chromatids separate at the centromere and move to opposite poles

1. chromosomes disappear • chromatin 2. nuclear membrane reforms 3. nucleoli reappears 4. spindle disappears 5. centrioles duplicate

- division of the cytoplasm to form 2 new daughter cells - organelles are divided - daughter cells are genetically identical Cells return to interphase

Mitosis Video – 1:30

DIFFERENTIATION occurs as cells multiply and organism develops and grows Stem cells can become many different types of cells, each with their own distinct function.

Cancer: caused by uncontrolled cell division

APOPTOSIS = programmed cell death (video – show 1st minute only)

HeLa Cells – video (TED-Ed 4 min) HeLa cells are named for cells that were obtained from a woman named Henrietta Lacks in 1951. Henrietta died of cervical cancer, but the cells harvested from the cancer tumor are used in research today - they are considered an IMMORTAL LINE

Why are they immortal? These cells do not die after a set number of cell divisions. This is a property known as senescence. Researchers can keep cultures of these cells indefinitely. This makes them very valuable for research purposes!

How are HeLa cells used? Hela cells were used to develop polio vaccines, they have been sent into space, they are used in HIV/AIDs research. Basically any scientists wanting to study human cells to test pharmaceuticals is probably working with HeLa cells.

Was it ethical? Henrietta Lacks died at the age of 30, never knowing her cell line would continue on in research. Ethical Questions: Should scientists ask for consent before using someone’s cells in research? Does the patient (or family) deserve compensation for the use of the cells?

What cancer is most common in men? In women?

What type of cancer is most likely to result in death What type of cancer is most likely to result in death? Is it different in men and women?

Essential Questions: How does the structure of the cell relate to its function? What is the relationship between the cell’s function and human illness?

Name the phases starting at the top.

Name the phase Identify X Identify Y

5. Name the phase

6. Name the structure

Name the structure What is its function?

10. What will happen to the baggie in the hypertonic solutions? 9. Which beaker(S) contains a solution that is hypertonic relative to the bag      A                     B                   C                   D                    E 10. What will happen to the baggie in the hypertonic solutions?