Argumentation PPT: Persuasive Techniques www.nationofchange.org www.imdb.com Argumentation PPT: Persuasive Techniques commonsenseatheism.com www.metro.us

Table of Contents Ethos Logos Pathos Fallacies: Non Sequitur www.hotnewhiphop.com Ethos Logos Pathos Fallacies: Non Sequitur Hasty Generalization Red Herring Bandwagon Begging the Question Ad Hominem Was Kanye persuasive?

Three Persuasive Appeals Ethos: persuasion based on trustworthiness, character, or morality Ex. trusted doctor or an honest policeman Logos: persuasion based on the logic, reasoning, or data of a situation Ex. Ad for medicine Pathos: persuasion based on emotions or strong feelings Ex. Ad for starving children overseas

Ethos Effective speakers know the ethical or moral issues connected to a situation. Ethos is exemplified in a sincere, or authentic, presentation. Ethos occurs when an individual refers to the audience’s moral, religious, or humanitarian standards. Ethos is exemplified by correct grammar and appropriate language. Stereotypically, nurses represent ethos. Used car salesmen stereotypically lack ethos.

Ethos, Con’d Advantages to ethos: Potential disadvantages to ethos: Demonstrates the presenter’s credibility Demonstrates respect for the audience Potential disadvantages to ethos: Use of ethos may only appeal to a specific group. Teachers are commonly known for representing ethos

Logos A logical, well-constructed argument will often compel people to rationally make a specific decision. Logos is used when a speaker refers to specific data or statistics. Logos is referenced through the use of jargon (specialized vocabulary). Logos is apparent through the incorporation of quotes or examples. Car salespeople often list statistics to customers. Apple Store employees often use jargon in a sales pitch.

Logos, Con’d Advantages to logos: Potential disadvantages to logos: Logos evokes a reasoned, and well-thought response. Potential disadvantages to logos: Logos demands a high degree of audience attention. Logos also demands a degree of specialized knowledge. Professor Stephen Hawking is known for his impressive use of logic.

Pathos If emotions are used wisely, they can effectively compel people. Pathos relies upon the use of passionate, emotional language. Pathos includes vivid descriptions. Pathos involves compelling narrative. Speakers may use emotions – like fear or guilt – to appeal to an audience. Oprah effectively uses pathos as a persuasive technique.

Pathos, Con’d Advantages to pathos: Potential disadvantages to pathos: Pathos leads to an emotional response, which often generates action. Potential disadvantages to pathos: Action resulting from pathos may be short-lived. Pathos can often backfire and lead to disastrous results! Teens and parents often use pathos – with hurtful results!

Fallacies In an effort to persuade individuals, false arguments are often made. Here are a few fallacies: Non Sequitur Hasty Generalization Red Herring Bandwagon Begging the Question Ad Hominem

Non Sequitur Definition: A false argument that suggests a cause and effect that aren’t necessarily linked Ex. Since Sally is from California, she must be very liberal. Ex. Since Tom attends SPHS, his parents must be wealthy. Green Party Watch

Hasty Generalization Definition: a false argument that draws conclusions from too little evidence; a generalization cannot be made from a few instances Ex. All Arab Americans are terrorists. Ex. It’s not safe to travel after 9/11.

Red Herring Definition: diverting the attention from an issue by bringing up an irrelevant point . Ex. Sunday’s debate Anderson Cooper, moderator: “But you weren’t describing locker room banter, you were talking about kissing women without consent and grabbing their genitals.” Donald Trump: “I am not proud of it. This is locker room talk. When you have ISIS chopping off heads and drowning people in steel cages and wars and horrible, horrible sights all over and you have so many bad things happening, this is like medieval times.” Sizzle

Bandwagon Definition: an appeal based on the popularity or broad appeal of an item/activity. Ex. Booing freshmen in the assembly. “Everyone else boos the freshmen…” “I was booed when I was a freshmen…” “It’s a tradition…” tdajimoko's Universe. - WordPress.com

Begging the Question Definition: Assuming that audience members share the same beliefs with the arguer when, in fact, they don't. Ex. Statements which begin: “Everyone knows,” “We all agree,” or, “It’s obvious that.” Of course we DON’T all think and feel the same way!

Ad Hominem Definition: The strategy of focusing on the personality or character of an opponent rather than on the topic of discussion Ex. Q: How do you feel about Obamacare? A: I can’t trust anything Obama does! Did you know he’s not a citizen?

Work Cited Callaway, Michael. Fallacies in Arguments. Dept. of Rhetoric and Composition, Arizona State University. 1 Jan 2008. <www.public.asu.edu/~macalla/logsethospathos.html>