18th & 19th Centuries for Juniors: the Georgians, the Victorians & the Industrial Revolution

The Georgian Period Four kings called George reigned in Britain between 1714 and 1830 During this period the Industrial Revolution started Britain changed from being a rural country to a big industrial one with cities like Manchester, Birmingham and Sheffield,

Where were produced in order cotton, coal- iron and steel. In Manchester In Birmingham In Sheffield

Thomas Savery He invented in 1668 the first steam engine for pumping water out of mines so coal and other minerals could be mined and used in industry.

Iron and coal were too heavy and bulky to carry on horse-drawn wagons over bad roads. Canals (man-made waterways for carrying boats on) became very popular in the Georgian period and were used to move large amounts of raw materials and finished goods around the country and to the ports. The barges and narrow boats were pulled along by a horse walking on a towpath at the side of the canal.

George Stephenson The father of locomotive He built the first locomotive “ the Blutcher” in 1814 In 1819 he was asked to build a railroad In 1823 together with his son he formed the world’s first locomotive company Later he invented the Rocket, the most advanced locomotive of the day.

City architecture changed too. In the past houses were built of wood covered with straw and mud. In this period architects design elegant stone and brick houses for the new rich middle classes.

Spa towns and seaside resorts BATH BRIGHTON

The Victorian Age 1837-1901

Victoria came to the throne in 1837 and she ruled over a vast empire of 63 countries, which covered one third of the world included India, Canada, Australia and parts of Africa

A time of progress In 1851 the Great Exhibition took place in London to show the world how advanced was Britain in Industry and technology The development of the train which started transporting people thanks to Thomas Cook, who organised the first ever day- trip by train

Victorian children Very few children went to school Boarding school existed but rich boys and girls often had tutors at home Most poor children worked from the age of 5. Some sold flowers or fruit on city streets. Many worked in factories Others worked as chimney sweeps or as servants

Life factory workers was terrible The machines were noisy and the workers had to work for 12 hours a day for very little money. Small children had to go under the machines to clean them so they often lost an arm or a leg and sometimes they were killed. Many times they became ill because in the factories there were a lot of dust.