Deprivation and poverty in HIC cities LO – To understand the characteristics and causes of deprivation in HICs, such as Birmingham in the UK

What is deprivation? ‘ Often associated with poverty, it is when a persons well being falls below a level which is generally thought of as acceptable’

The Index of Multiple Deprivation (MDI) is a UK government qualitative study of deprived areas. It covers seven aspects of deprivation. Income Employment Health deprivation and Disability Education Skills and Training Barriers to Housing and Services Crime Living Environment.

CASE STUDY: Deprivation in Birmingham

Victorian Inner City Housing

Inner city housing for factory workers

1960s tower blocks

Run down terrace housing

Where is Birmingham? West Midlands of the UK

CASE STUDY: Deprivation in Birmingham

History of Birmingham Key words: Manufacturing, De-industrialisation, Outsourcing

Case study notes: Where is Birmingham? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Er0UwSQ9QJE Where is Birmingham? Study figure 6.26, describe the distribution of multiple deprivation in Birmingham Describe the characteristics of an area that is deprived Study figure 6.27, what is the pattern between ethnicity and deprivation? What is de-industrialisation? How has de-industrialisation in the UK led to increased levels of deprivation in Birmingham Why is it that a higher percentage of deprivation occurs among ethnic minority groups? How did the local government try to improve the quality of housing in Birmingham during the 70s/80s? Why didn’t it work very well

What is the Cycle of Poverty? Explain why a cycle of poverty exists in many HIC cities How can this cycle be broken?

Urban Rebranding LO – To understand what rebranding is and why it has occurred in many HIC cities

A timeline of urban change 1900 1930 1950 1960 1980 2015

Newly built terrace housing for factory workers appeared for the first time. A large stock of brownfield sites were left in parts of many inner city areas. During the middle of the century, the wealthy started moving out towards the suburbs, leaving the poorer classes behind Empty buildings became common and the first signs of inner city decline began During the 40s & 50s after, years of manufacturing the inner city becomes polluted. In the 1960s the first wave of redevelopment took place – new high rise apartment blocks replaced terrace housing De-industrialisation started in the 60s meaning many factory workers lost their jobs New high rise apartment blocks soon recognised as being a mistake Even more of the wealthier residents moved to the suburbs or rural areas, leaving only the poor, uneducated and ethnic minorities in the inner city During the 80s & 90s the inner city entered an era of decline. Many houses left empty and derelict industrial sites were common. At the beginning of the century manufacturing industries developed around the centre of the city. The start of the 21st Century was the beginning of a new wave of redevelopment, rebranding and gentrification of inner city areas

Urban Rebranding LO – To understand how rebranding works and who is involved in the process

Rebranding

Rebranding is making changes to a place to alter people's ideas of it as a place. Any rebranding process includes one or more of the following: Environmental rebranding - to improve building quality and reduce dereliction Social rebranding - to reduce poverty Economic rebranding - to increase job opportunities

The re-development of brownfield sites might include the following Gentrification Gated communities Converting industrial buildings

Gentrification The process of renewal and rebuilding, accompanying the influx of middle-class or affluent people into deteriorating areas.

Gated communities

Old industrial sites

Rebranding an urban area cannot be done by one organisation on its own Rebranding an urban area cannot be done by one organisation on its own. It requires many different groups of people who have an interest in rebranding (players). They have different roles and different reasons for getting involved. Local Government Urban Regeneration Companies (URCs) National Government Private Companies Private Investors Not-For-Profit Organisations Tourist Boards Local Community Reasons for their involvement can include: Funding, Allowing Planning Permission, Deciding where priorities for rebranding should be, Marketing and Promotion, Providing support and advice for rebranding. 25

The rebranding players Rebranding players are the… Stakeholders are individuals, groups or organisations that have… There is a possible range of stakeholders… Some examples of stakeholders include… …an interest in a particular project. They may be involved financially or emotionally. …English Partnerships, European Union and DEFRA. …including public partners, private firms, sponsors, not-for- profit organisations and government departments. …stakeholders in the rebranding process.

What you need to know: Why was rebranding needed in many UK cities? Explain the difference in the following key words: redevelopment, regeneration, re-imaging, rebranding What does gentrification mean? What is a gated community? Where might you find them and why? Who are the stakeholders (decision makers) in the rebranding process, what role do they play?

Rebranding decision makers The rebranding decision makers or players, come from a variety of backgrounds but all share a common interest in the project. Depending on the size of the development, this may include national and local government, private companies and investors, local businesses, the tourist board, urban planners and architects. Funding may come from government subsidies, private investors or the national lottery.

Case Study: Rebranding Bradford, UK

Case Study: Rebranding Bradford, UK Create a fact-file to include: Where is Bradford? Why it’s inner city area declined? What was the purpose of rebranding? How has the city rebranded itself? What success has rebranding had there? Are there any future challenges?