Chapter 5 Section 3: The Reform Spirit Social Reform

Section 1-Polling Question What is the most important way to help improve a society? A. Education reform B. Banning alcohol C. Women’s rights D. Helping the poor and disabled A B C D

Religion Religious camp meetings (revivals) were common in the early 1800s. The Second Great Awakening: religious leaders organized to revive America’s commitment in religion. Some reformers sought to improve society by forming. Charles G. Finney one of the most successful ministers for the religious group known as evangelists.

Religion Some new denominations during this time include: Unitarianism, Universalism, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons). Joseph Smith began preaching the Mormon faith in New York in the 1820s. Through persecution Mormons moved west and settled in Utah in 1844.

Section 1 Where did the religious group known as Mormons finally end up settling? A. New York. B. Utah. C. The Northwest. D. Florida. A B C D

Reforming Spirit Revivalists preached the power of individuals to improve themselves and the world Lyman Beecher caused the spread of benevolent societies. The first focus of benevolent societies was the spread the word of God. Later these societies sought to combat social problems happening in the world.

Cultural Trends Changes in American society influenced art and literature. American artists developed their own style. The spirit of reform influenced the transcendentalists- Belief that people can transcend, or overcome, the minds limits. The leading transcendentalists were Margaret Fuller, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau

Cultural Trends Continued Many of the nation’s writers set out to create uniquely American works that celebrated people, history, and the natural beauty of the United States James Fenimore Cooper “The Last of the Mohicans” Nathaniel Hawthorne “The Scarlett Letter” Herman Melville “Moby Dick”

A B C D What were “Penny Papers”? Section 1 What were “Penny Papers”? A. Mass published newspapers for all readers B. Papers that were printed only geared toward the wealthy and literate reader C. Plays that were showcased on the first television D. General interest magazines that were geared toward a specific group A B C D

Social Reform Some reformers sought to improve society by forming utopias (Perfect society) Utopian societies included: Brook Farm near Boston based on social and political ideologies. The Shakers got their name from a ritual shaking dance the members performed.

Temperance Movement A number of reformers argued that alcohol was the main cause for problems in society. Lyman Beecher, a Connecticut minister, crusaded against the use of alcohol (temperance) Beecher and other reformers used lectures, pamphlets, and revival style rallies to warn people of the dangers of liquor The temperance movement laws banning to manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.

Prison Reform One of American societies biggest problems was its prison reform. Inmates of all kinds were crowded together: violent offenders and the mentally ill. Some prisons were actually just holes in the ground. One jail in Connecticut for example, was an abandoned mineshaft.

People With Special Needs Some reformers focused on the problem of teaching people with disabilities Thomas Gallaudet developed a method to educate people who were hearing impaired Samuel Gridley Howe developed books with large raised letters to help the visually impaired Schoolteacher Dorothea Dix worked for prison reforms after seeing prisoners chained to walls She also found that some people were not guilty of crimes, but were mentally ill She made it her life’s work to educate the public about poor conditions for prisoners and the mentally ill

Reforming Education In the mid-1850’s, most schools were poorly funded. Teachers lacked training Restrictions were placed on who could attend schools (Girls and African Americans) Massachusetts lawyer Horace Mann called for educational reforms 1839- Massachusetts created the nation’s first state-supported normal school to train teachers

Reforming Education Continued During the age of reform, many new colleges and universities were created Most accepted only men Gradually, higher education became available to groups that had been denied the opportunity Oberlin College of Ohio was founded in 1833 Oberlin admitted both women and African Americans

Women’s Education Emma Willard founded a girls boarding school in Vermont. Mary Lyon opened the first higher education school for women

Women’s Activists Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls Convention in New York. The Seneca Falls Convention marked the beginning of the Women’s Movement.

Section 1 Which female Activist helped start the Women’s Movement in the United States? A. Catherine Beecher B. Elizabeth Cady Stanton C. Mary Lyon D. Walt Whitman A B C D

Abolitionist Movement Abolitions fought for an immediate end to slavery. William Lloyd Garrison worked for an antislavery newspaper in Baltimore Garrison called for emancipation, or freeing of enslaved persons. Frederick Douglass escaped from slavery in Maryland and published his own newspaper called the North Star Sojourner Truth was an African American Abolitionist and freed all New York African American slaves.

Directions: Complete the chart based on the notes Essential Question Look closely at the painting of a New England School on page 198. How is the room heated? What kinds of supplies did the students have? Directions: Complete the chart based on the notes Key Figures Key Contributions Abolitionists Literary Figures Religious Leaders Women Leaders

Chapter 14 Section 1 Quiz

Utopias are based on a vision of a perfect society. True False

Religious leaders fought for the freedom to drink alcohol. True False

In 1839 Massachusetts founded the first state-supported school to train teachers. True False

The roles of wife and mother were not roles that most parents wanted for their daughters. True False

During the 1820s American artists developed their own style and explored American themes. True False

Who opened Hartford School for the deaf in Connecticut in 1817? Samuel Gridley Howe Dorothea Dix Thomas Gallaudet Horace Mann

The first college in the United States to admit women and African Americans was Harvard. Ashmun Institute. Mount Holyoke. Oberlin College of Ohio.

Who was the schoolteacher who helped reform attitudes toward the mentally ill? Dorothea Dix Samuel Gridley Howe George Catlin Thomas Gallaudet

naturalists. transcendentalists. reformers. conscience-raisers. People who stressed the relationship between humans and nature and the importance of the individual conscience were called naturalists. transcendentalists. reformers. conscience-raisers.

What writer wrote about the injustice of slavery? Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville Harriet Beecher Stowe Washington Irving

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