The Church in Bondage to the State 885-1049 AD Chapter 11 Read Section 1 - page 80

Feudalism What is it? Dominant social system in medieval Europe Crown gave land Nobles gave military service Vassals were tenants Peasants were basically slaves What was the “money”? Could you be both a vassal and a noble? Crown Nobles Vassals Peasants

Feudalism Ctn. No major cities developed Everyone was spread out in the country How did the church get involved? They were brought into the feudal system with land The emperor looked at the church as a vassal…

Result of Feudalism? Political Decentralization There was no countries unified under one strong central government Nobles ruled many small areas

The Normans Came from Normandy (big surprise) Settled in the lands they conquered Northwestern France

Italy and the Pope Italy had the feudal system The nobles in Italy were constantly fighting with each other How did this affect the papacy? A low point for the popes: 891-955 Elected by secular nobles 20 new popes in this time span… Read page 85 – The Papal Office is Sold

Terms to Know: Lay Investiture Investiture – giving to a man who was elected bishop a ring and a staff as symbols of his office Layman – a man who had not the authority of the Church Simony Giving or obtaining an appointment to a church office for money

Assignment Read chapter 11 Answer Questions 1-6

Chapter 12 – Read page 86 The church is divided

The Western Church Grows strong in the NW NOT in the south – who was there? The Germanic tribes Learned Latin language Literature Civilization The church separates

The Split Eastern Empire Withstood the German tribes invasions Lost Syria, Palestine, and Egypt Greek Language Split in 1054 Mainly based on differences and authority figures Books focus: WESTERN CHURCH

Differences: Latin Pope in Rome Western Eastern Latin Pope in Rome Mainly present day Italy, France, Germany, and Britain Greek Bishop of Constantinople Mainly the present day area of Greece

Monasticism and the Cluny Reform Chapter 13 Read Section 1 on page 91 Monasticism and the Cluny Reform

Asceticism and Monasticism Means extreme self-denial – denying the comforts and pleasures of life Turned to religious meditation and the performance of religious forms and rituals They would beat themselves and fast Did not marry Prayed, read, and meditated

Pros and Cons to Monasteries in the Middle ages What do you think? Pros Refuge for people Inns Hospitals Centers of agriculture and learning Cons Created a higher and lower morality Read page 94

Cluny Reform A new monastery in France was created in 910 Tried to improve religious life by adhering to asceticism Read last two paragraphs on page 95

Assignment Answer Q’s 1-5 on page 95

The Church Makes Efforts to Free Itself Chapter 14 – Read page 96 The Church Makes Efforts to Free Itself

Stages in the Roman Church Rome was of special importance to the early church The papacy grew in the bishop of Rome During the 900s through early 1000s the papacy was corrupt and under State rule A revival began because of this corruption called the Cluny Reform

Assignment Read all of Chapter 14 Answer Questions: 1-6, 8, and 12

Cluny Reformers Use Henry III Problems with the papacy? Sold office 3 popes Henry III Truly religious Deposed Sylvester III Compelled Gregory VI to resign Deposed Benedict IX Chose a German Bishop as Pope – Leo IX

Pope Leo IX Changed College of Cardinals Personal assistants and advisors of the pope Originally who was this college made up of? Where were they from? Pope Leo IX chose advisors from many areas and churches Stressed 3 points: Forbade priests to marry Forbade the practice of simony Forbade lay investiture

The Schism Leo IX vs. Michael Cerularius What happened? In 1054 he sent a letter to the altar of the church in Constantinople What did that letter say? Michael then excommunicated Pope Leo IX Created the schism between Greek Eastern and Latin Western Churches

The Cluny Reformers Faced a dilemma It had broken the bonds of the Roman nobles…. …but now the German emperor held those bonds Why did they tolerate these bonds? It had broken the bonds of the Italian nobles The emperor had pushed reform (unlike the Italian nobles) Read last two paragraphs on page 99 under section 5

Pope Stephen X Stated: Absolutely no lay investiture! Why would the emperor dislike this opinion? What was the result of this conflict? If no answer, read page 99 last 2 paragraphs under section 6

Review: Read Hildebrand’s story: Section 7 on pages 99-100

The Church Continues to Free itself Chapter 15 – Page 102 The Church Continues to Free itself

Hildebrand’s Cleverness Read section 1 on page 102 together Important parts: Hildebrand makes alliances Nicholas II forbade lay investiture

Election of Pope The Synod of 1059 – Papal elections Object: Take control of the papacy out of Italian nobles hands and the emperors hands New method: When the pope dies the cardinal bishops are to nominate his successor Then the clergy and people of Rome approve A pope may be chosen from any part of the church Becomes pope immediately

Pope Alexander II The decree broke the bonds of the state Hildebrand got Pope Alexander II into power Italians had other plans… What saved the Cluny reform and Hildebrand? Read the last 3 paragraphs of Section 3 on page 104

Hildebrand Becomes pope Alexander II was being buried in the Basilica when… Hildebrand becomes pope How?

The Relationship Between Church and State What is the relationship? Read pages 105-106 3 options: Church and state should be on the same level The state should be above the church The church should be above the state

The Relationship Between Church and State Ctn. What was the eastern empire like? What was the western empire like? What should it be in the United States?

Assignment: Chapter 15 Questions 1-7

Question for Tomorrow Number 8

The Church is forced to compromise Read page 107 – First 2 paragraphs Chapter 16 The Church is forced to compromise

Hildebrand’s Beliefs Believed in the City of God Establishment of the kingdom of God on earth Believed he was Christ’s vicar Believed in the Cluny Reform Believed pope was above all His character was unmoved by self-interest: He could not be bribed Was not moved by ambition or vainglory Did love to rule Desired to serve God and the church

Struggle for the right of Investiture What was Hildebrand’s belief about investiture? The church HAD to be free from the state State had to be subject to the church…

Struggle for the right of Investiture Ctn. The emperor would lose his power to the nobles Led to conflict between Henry and Gregory…

Assignment/Worktime Read Section 3 (page 109) – the end of chapter 16 (page 115) Answer Questions: 1-2, 4-8, 10-12, 2nd part of question 13 (add in the church)

Henry IV Challenges Pope Gregory VII Originally on friendly terms Rebellious nobles were causing Henry problems Henry was weak Henry gained a victory over the nobles Felt strong: conferred investiture upon 3 bishops Gregory sent Henry a letter: Read page 110 Excommunicated Henry if he would not repent How did Henry receive the letter? What had just happened?

Henry’s Response Flushed with victory Henry… Called a council of bishops Responded with a letter to the pope… continue on page 110 What was this letter implying?

The Pope Excommunicates the Emperor Read Section 4 on page 110

The Emperor Pretends Submission More letters! Henry tells people of Rome to banish “monk Hildebrand” Hildebrand tells the Germans to choose another king Who listened? What did the Germans decide? Read page 111 if no one knows… Henry’s response? Page 111

The Emperor Sets out for Italy The emperor was scheming… about? Since he was excommunicated his people didn’t have to obey him In other words… How could he get it back? Penance Give proof of repentance and approved by a clergy Had to fast and dress a certain way He escaped from the tower and set out for Italy in the winter The pope was coming from Italy

Cliffhanger!!!!!!!!!!!! #CanossaCastle

See Picture on page 112

In the Courtyard Henry waits… Fasted Wore the garb of a penitent A coarse woolen robe Bareheaded and barefooted 2 days he waited The third day the gate opened

The Result: Henry prostrates himself before the pope Asked for forgiveness The pope granted Henry absolution Lifts the ban of excommunications

The Real Drama of Canossa What does the expression “to go to Canossa” mean? Deepest humiliation What was Gregory’s dilemma? Why did he make Henry wait? Why didn’t Gregory have a choice? How did Henry get his way? Henry “Stooped to conquer”

But wait… The Struggle continues!!! Confusion… Germany elected a new king – Rudolph Gregory and Henry had lost respect Bishops declared another pope Germanic civil war Henry killed Rudolph Gregory calls the Normans Normans defeated Henry Rome is decimated

The Concordat of Worms Gregory passed away a broken man “I have loved righteousness and hated iniquity; therefore I died in exile.” The Concordat of Worms Popes would invest the bishops with the symbols of their spiritual office Emperors would bestow upon them their feudal estates by their scepter

Chapter 17 Questions 1-4 Tomorrow 6-9 Friday

Chapter 17 – The Church Inspires the Crusades Page 116 – Read Section 1 Chapter 17 – The Church Inspires the Crusades

Notes from Section 1: Arabs lost strength and Turks took over Events: Schism 1054 Turks threaten Constantinople 1070 Gregory became pope 1073 Gregory wanted to: Heal the schism Save the eastern church Establish rule of the papacy

Notes from Section 1 Ctn: Gregory was the first man to conceive of the word crusade: Meaning “war of the cross” Never carried out his plan… why?

The Turks are Hostile The church went on pilgrimages What was a pilgrimage What did the church think about the Holy Land being controlled by Muslims? What changed about their pilgrimages to the Holy Land?

The First Crusade Pope Urban II Initiated the crusade through his speech Read page 119 Cut up red cloths into little strips A cross was put on each crusader The Holy Wars began Originally regained Jerusalem…

Results of the Crusades Later Crusades were a failure 8 crusades of sorts plus a children’s crusade

Motives of the crusades Perverted view of religion They valued the Holy Land like their relics What question should they have asked themselves? Page 122 We should: Have admiration for their zeal, but not their religious insight Be responsible for enthusiasm, but also for being right

El Fin Today: Review and go over any questions you have on the assignments Tomorrow: Kahoot! Test Wednesday!