Long Term memory Retrieval Forgetting Unit VIII Part II Long Term memory Retrieval Forgetting

Step #2 – Storage Long Term Memory Two LTM Systems: Dr. Oliver Sacks Implicit Memories – implied by our behaviors  1. Procedural –require muscle memory  2. Nondeclarative – we don’t talk about them, we just demonstrate our memories for them in our behaviors. 3. Processed in our cerebellum. Examples: Reciting favorite songs Riding a bicycle Driving your car Using your cell phone Getting tense when you hear certain music during a movie  What was your implicit memory from your photo?

December 19 Film/Film worksheet Sub

Calendar Update – Flex Reviews/Final December 21 Rewind Calendar Update – Flex Reviews/Final Finalize Unit VIII Begin Unit IX (if time)

Step #2 – Storage Long Term Memory 19. Explicit Memories Explicit because we “explain” them 1. Declarative - we talk about these memories a. semantic/Left Hemisphere of the hippocampus memories of factual information, meaning, details b. episodic/Right Hemisphere of the hippocampus Personal, emotional, ”episodes” of our life,

19. Examples Explicit Memories Semantic – When? Where? What? Who? Episodic – How did I feel? What did I like/dislike? What did this mean to me? What did you describe about your photo? Were your memories semantic or episodic?

19. Explicit Memories 2. Explicit memories are stored throughout the association areas and temporal lobes 3. This processing and storage takes place while automatically or effortfully encoding the information.

Stage 2 – Storage Long Term Memory 20. Future and Past   1. Prospective Memory Memory for something we intend to do out in the future. Remembering to remember I remember that I need to stop at the grocery store on the way home from school.   2. Retrospective Memory Content remembered from past experiences. Includes: Semantic Episodic Procedural

Step #2 – Storage Long Term Memory 21. Flashbulb Memory – a memory of an INTENSELY emotional experience. You relive it and rehearse it frequently, creating LTP. Flashbulb Memory

Step #3 - Retrieval

Step #3 - Retrieval What is the name of the person on your left? 22. Three types of retrieval: 1. Recall: fill-in-the-blank Close your eyes….. What are the four lobes of the brain and what does each do? What is the name of the person on your left? 2. Recognition: matching, multiple choice, true/false Is the person on your right in the correct seat? Which answer from a list of choices is correct? 3. Relearning: review questions, take-home exam, rewind Relearn names…. (it takes 7 times) *You can NEVER over learn! You CAN under learn! *You are not relearning/retrieving if you never learned it to begin with.

Step #3 – Retrieval Cues and Priming 23. To retrieve information, we need CUES (noun). These HELP get our brain ready to retrieve the information by PRIMING (verb) it. In other words, we are accessing that memory system put together through LTP.

24. Context Context – Read the words out loud. Deja vu - Have you ever experienced? LTP – We “prime” the same memory system… In our experiment, what primed your contextual memory? Context: The situation, the surroundings, the environment where the information was originally learned. Context is one type of CUE to PRIME memory Examples: Taking a test in the same classroom you learned the material Remembering your holiday traditions once the family arrives and/or you are at that special location where you celebrate

State of Mind vs. Mood *May involve emotion and context 25. State of Mind “State Dependent Memory” State of mind is the CUE to PRIME memory *May involve emotion and context Stress/Adrenaline Sleepiness Intoxication Comic 26. Mood - Mood Congruent Memories – Emotion is the CUE to PRIME memory Get angry, remember all the other times you are angry Get happy, get happier thinking of happy memories

Long-Term Memory Systems 27. Loftus and Loftus(brain/touch studies and witness)   a. Content is often invented as it is ENCODED AND as it is RETRIEVED. Exclusive- The Bunny Effect.mp4   b. We don’t store EVERY moment fully. (memory can be flawed) False memories.mp4   c. There is not one place in the brain that holds LTM’s? Brain/Touch Studies Hippocampus – (semantic/episodic memories) Cerebellum – (procedural memories) Temporal Lobes – (faces/auditory information) Association Areas – (long-term storage - entire cerebrum)

Step #3 – Retrieval Forgetting May be caused by retrieval INTERFERENCE *What is the interference? Proactive Mnemonic P O ld Interferes Retroactive Mnemonic R N ew Interferes   Pro and Retro

Step #3 – Retrieval When you construct a memory, it can be: 1. Altered as it is ENCODED.  2. Altered as it is RETRIEVED. Misinformation Effect: (Loftus again!) – misdirection due to leading questions   Loftis Misinformation Ted Talk Source Amnesia You misattribute the source of your memory. Where did I learn this? When did this happen? *Inflated with constant information from social media sources.

Step #3 - Retrieval Eidetic Memory What if you have a perfect memory? Who does?

Step #3 – Retrieval Amnesia Amnesia - no memory construction or reconstruction 32. Pathology of Memory - What is pathology? Retrograde Amnesia – Forget what happened RIGHT BEFORE the accident/trauma.  Anterograde Amnesia – Forget what happened AFTER the accident/trauma.  

Step #3 – Retrieval Amnesia Hippocampal Amnesia *Video* -- Breakdown in storage from STM – LTM (Clive) Milner’s Syndrome – Remember everything up to a set point in time. Brain damage Karsakoff’s Syndrome – Chronic alcoholism, vitamin deficiency, lose recent and begins to recede back. Alzheimer’s -- Impaired semantic memory system due to build up of “plaques and tangles” in the hippocampus and left hemisphere. Interference with neural transmission in memory areas. Hysterical Amnesia – Soap Opera memory loss Article Attached

Step #3 – Retrieval Repression Can we repress memories of past abuse? 1. Repression DOES happen, but it’s usually retrieved with CUES. 2. Incest DOES happen 3. Forgetting DOES happen 4. Recovered memories are common place, both good and bad. 5. Memories “recovered” under drugs and/or hypnosis are very unreliable. False memories.mp4 6. Memories of things that happened before the age of 3 are very unreliable…. WHY? Infantile Amnesia Procedural Memories – First Semantic Memories – Require Language Episodic Memories – Require Self-Concept (last) 7. Memories real or false can be very emotionally upsetting.