The Division of Asia -Discuss the causes for the European colonization of Asia - Describe the effects of Imperialsim on India, China and Japan

Do Now: What countries had colonies in Asia? Which Asian countries remained independent? Who controlled Korea? Why was this unusual? Do Now:

“The Brightest Jewel In the Crown of the British Empire” India “The Brightest Jewel In the Crown of the British Empire”

India Under British Rule British involvement in India dates back to the 1500s 1600s- English traders banded together and formed the East India Company It later became one of the richest and most powerful trading companies in the world The East India Company built trading posts throughout India During the next hundred years, the British expanded their territory in India through wars and commercial activity

Sepoy Rebellion Sepoys, or Indian soldiers, rebelled against their British commanders Sepoy resentment had been growing over British attempts to impose Christianity and European customs on them Rumors that bullet cartridges used by the sepoys were greased with beef or pork fat- angered Hindu and Muslim soldiers Indian Revolt of 1857 lasted for about a year- uprising failed but it forced the British government to tighten its control of India

Tighter Control of India 1858- the British Parliament dissolved the East India Company and sent a viceroy, or governor ruling as a royal representative, to take over the company’s territory British officials called residents closely supervised local Indian princes- British governors ruled about 2/3 of India 1877- British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli had Queen Victoria recognized as “Empress of India” India was referred to as “The Brightest Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire”

Indian Nationalism The British colonial government discriminated against Indians and forced them to change their ancient ways. Indian farmers were forced to grow cotton instead of wheat which resulted in food shortages, killing millions of Indians. The British government tried to ease unrest by spending vast amounts of money on India’s economic development Opened the Suez Canal Built railroads and improved transportation Introduced medical advances

Indian National Congress 1885- a group of well-educated, middle class Indians formed a political party called the Indian National Congress (known as the Congress) which led the movement for Indian Independence At first the Congress just campaigned for reforms such as free education for boy and girls and a greater role for Indians in local government Early in the 1900s- Indian nationalists were calling for an end rule They urged Indians to boycott, or stop buying, British goods

Mohandas Gandhi “India’s Great Soul” or Mahatma Best known nationalist leader who was successful in uniting the Hindu people behind the call for Indian independence The British refused to give in to the demands of Indian nationalists- they knew that Hindus and Muslims were so deeply divided that they would not cooperate against the British Muslim League- Indian nationalists that were calling for a separate Muslim State

China

China in Isolation 1500s- Chinese society had been highly advanced, and Chinese at that time showed little interest in acquiring European products Isolationism- there was only limited trade between China and Europe during the next 300 years Ethnocentrism- considered themselves the “Middle Kingdom” (center of the earth) 1644-1911- China’s political, military, and economic position weakened under the rule of the Qing dynasty (Manchu Dynasty)

Conflict Between China and the West Early 1800s- British merchants found a way to break China’s trade barriers- in exchange for Chinese tea, silk, and porcelain, merchants smuggled a drug called Opium, which they obtained from India and Turkey, into China Soon, 12 million Chinese were addicted 1842- Chinese troops tried to stop the smuggling and British troops resisted Opium War- British used their navy and superior weapons to defeat the Chinese

Unequal Treaties The defeated Chinese were forced to sign unequal treaties Treaty of Nanjing- China had to pay for the war debt and they had to give control of Hong Kong Over the next 60 years, Great Britain, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, and the United States all signed unequal treaties with China In general, these treaties increased foreign power in China and weakened the Qing Dynasty Extraterritoriality- westerners didn’t have to follow Chinese law, they would follow the laws of the home country

The Taiping Rebellion Peasant uprising in China- leaders demanded reforms such as the redistribution of land to poor peasants, an end to high taxes, and equality for men and women The fighting lasted 14 years before the government finally defeated the Taiping rebels Rebellion further weakened the Qing dynasty and created a strong wish for reform within China During the Taiping Rebellion, European powers forced China to grant them more concessions- open more ports to foreign trade and make the opium trade legal

Spheres of Influence Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan claimed large sections of China as spheres of influence- areas where they had exclusive trading rights The U.S. did not claim a sphere of influence- instead, it tried to open China to the trade of all nations through the Open Door Policy Europeans reluctantly agreed to this policy

The Boxer Rebellion China Secret Chinese societies were working to rid China of foreign control. 1900- One group called the Boxers seized foreign embassies in Beijing and killed more than 200 foreigners. An international force crushed the rebellion. China

China under Empress Ci Xi After the Boxer Rebellion, Ci Xi struggled to hold on to power She agreed to allow foreign troops to remain in China and gave in to some of her people’s demands for change Many Chinese believed that a modern republic should replace the Qing Dynasty In their view, the only way to achieve this goal was through revolution

Sun Yat-sen Sun Yat-sen believed the Qing Dynasty could no longer govern, but he also knew that China was not ready for immediate democracy He proposed reform in stages 1905- He formed the United League, which later became the Nationalist Party (or Guomindang) It promoted nationalism, democracy, and the people’s right to pursue their own livelihoods

Revolution of 1911 Sun Yat-sen led the United League and attacked troops loyal to the Qing Dynasty (without success) Empress Ci Xi died in 1908 and 2 year old Prince Pu Yi became the new emperor Sun went to the U.S. to raise $ but returned when the emperor’s own troops joined the rebellion Sun Yat-sen became the first president of the new Republic of China in 1911

Asia

Japan

1. Who was Mutsuhito? 2. What were the goals of the Meiji leaders? Mutsuhito was the Meiji or “enlightened” emperor Meiji leaders tried to make Japan a great power Brought forms of parliamentary government, strengthened the military & worked to transform the nation into an industrial society Established a system of universal education

Did not borrow $ from the West How did the Japanese succeed in avoiding western influence, while China could not? Japan industrialized and created a strong military, becoming a power in its own right Did not borrow $ from the West

3. What led to the Russo- Japanese War? 4. What resulted from this war? Russian empire had interests in Korea which began to clash with Japan’s Japanese navy launched a surprise attack on Port Arthur Japan won and gained control of Korea and other nearby areas Inspired non-Western nationalist leaders

Southeast Asia

Describe the Dutch rule of the East Indies. Farmers grew coffee, pepper, cinnamon, sugar, indigo, and tea Miners dug for tin & copper Loggers cut hardwood trees They used a method of forced labor called the culture system to gather all these raw materials Discouraged westernization or the spread of European civilization

Why did the Filipinos rise against American rule after the Spanish American War? They had been promised independence if they helped the U.S. fight Spain but the U.S. broke their promise and ruled the Philippines as a colony

What is Indochina? Why did Siam become the only independent nation in Southeast Asia? Indochina was ruled by France and consisted of present-day Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos Siam was squeezed between British and French territory Great Britain and France avoided armed conflict over the area by agreeing to allow Siam to remain independent