Thermal studies of ink solvent and toner behaviour on paper in various printing methods Timo Hartus

   Thermal studies of ink solvent and toner behaviour on paper in various printing methods   LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Hartus, T., Adhesion of electrophotographic toner on paper. Graphic Arts in Finland (GAiF) 30(2001)3, pp. 14-19 Hartus, T., Effect of toner fixing temperature in the electrophotographic process. TAGA Journal 4(2008)3, pp. 165-177 Hartus, T., Effect of drying temperature profile and paper on mechanical print quality in heatset offset printing. TAGA Journal 4(2008)4, pp. 192-205 Hartus, T., Gane, P.A.C., Analysis of the shortness of offset ink as a function of tack-on-paper by comparing elastic and Hencky strain extension. Tappi Journal 10(2011)8, pp. 9-15 Hartus, T., Gane, P.A.C., Relating ink solvent-coating component thermal properties to smearing and development of abrasion resistance in ink jet printing. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal (NPPRJ) 27(2012)1, pp. 63-78 Hartus, T., Gane, P.A.C., Relating thermal properties to potential interactions between compounds in application and recycling, exemplified by model ink-coating component mixtures. Industrial Engineering Chemistry & Research (IEC&R) 56(2017)1, pp.20-36 29.3.2017 Timo Hartus

1. Electrophotography Thermal analysis (TgA, DSC) ”Prints” (Toner application and fusing) Adhesion tests (modified tape test, Adhesion force measurement (Printack application) Viscosity of toner at elevated temperature Surface energy of toner at elevated temperature Rubbing tests 29.3.2017 Timo Hartus

Electrophography toners and Papers Table 2. Formulation and property facts of the toners. Based on Paper 2   Electrophography toners and Papers Paper 1: Toner A (black) and 80 gm-2 uncoated wood-free copy paper Paper 2:   Particulate size / µm (on average) Lubricational wax / % Glass transition temperature / °C Specific melt energy / Jg-1 Surface energy (at 150 °C), m/m-2 Toner A 8.5 (platy) 5 65.6 14.0 19.5 Toner B 7.0 (spherical) 15 66.6 19.8 17.7 Studied papers were: 80 gm-2 uncoated wood-free copy paper (1), 130 gm-2 coated art paper (2) and 200 gm-2 glossy coated art paper for digital printing (3) 29.3.2017 Timo Hartus

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Adhesion force measurement (Printack application) 29.3.2017 Timo Hartus

2 Offset Heatset Laboratory printing and drying, different papers and drying profiles Mechanical and optical quality of the prints Density, gloss, roughness, surface evenness and print pick strength by Printack-meter 29.3.2017 Timo Hartus

Heatset offset Sample Type Coated Uncoated Basis weight / gm-2 1 Mechanical   Newsprint 45 2 Heatset news 3 LWC 4 Supercalendered (SC) 56 5 75 6 Woodfree Copy paper (WFC) 80 29.3.2017 Timo Hartus

Optical measurements Print evenness and Rubbing tests Ink setting Hot air oven Printing Drying Tests and Measurements

2 Offset Sheet fed offset Ink setting tests, ink-on-paper, with two different equipment (ISIT and Printack) 4 different sheed fed inks, paper: Lumiart 130 gm-2 Ink tack measurements Ink viscosity 29.3.2017 Timo Hartus

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2 Offset Model compound mixtures Model compound mixtures (ink compounds, paper coating colour compounds) for thermal analysis (2-, 3- and 4-compound mixtures) Evaporation of volatile material and specific evaporation energy Energy release from the mixtures Mass and energetic ratios from TgA and DSC results Non-volatile residuum after thermal treatment FTIR analysis of non-volatile residuum (a part of samples) 29.3.2017 Timo Hartus

Offset, Model compounds 29.3.2017 Timo Hartus

Model materials Mixing FTIR identification Thermal analysis TgA and DSC Selected residuum Mixtures Data

Evaporated amount / specific evaporation energy, 2-compound mixtures 29.3.2017 Timo Hartus

Energy releasing reactions, 2-compound mixtures Energy releasing reactions were observed in the following single compound data: rapeseed oil, linseed oil, alkyd resin, phenolic resin, SB and acrylate latex 29.3.2017 Timo Hartus

Non-volatile residuum in 2-compound mixtures 29.3.2017 Timo Hartus

Non-volatile residuum in 4-compound mixtures 29.3.2017 Timo Hartus

3 Inkjet Thermal analysis of model compound mixtures Water based mixtures (model solvents, commercial inks) and paper coating colour compounds (2- and 3-compound mixtures) Printing tests: drying time, smearing, optical print quality Mass and energetic ratios from TgA and DSC results 29.3.2017 Timo Hartus

Paper coating colour compounds Inks Paper coating colour compounds Series Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Ink A (Epson) Gypsum PVac TMP Ink B (HP) Kaolin Starch Chemical pulp Ink C (Canon) Talc SB Deinked pulp   CaCO3 Acrylate Solvent Molecular Weight /g mol-1 Boiling point / °C Water (distilled) 18 100 1,5-Pentanediol C5H12O2 104.15 241-243 Triethylene glycol monobutylether (TEG) C10H22O4 206.29 265- (decomposes) Diethyleneglycol (DEG) C4H10O3 106.12 244-245 HP black inks (21 and 51540A) have carbon black pigment. HP colour inks, Epson and Canon inks have soluble dye as colorants. HP black inks (21 and 51540A) have high water proportion, 70-80 % and about 10-20 % organic co-solvents. HP colour inks (22) include up to 80 % water and 10-15 % co-solvent, but HP colour inks (51650) include about 60 % diethylene glycol and about 30 % water. Epson black inks (T036 and S020034) have 60-80 % water and about 10 % co-solvent (diethylene glycol). Epson colour inks (T37 and S2020036) have about 60-70 % water and 10-20 % co-solvent (diethylene glycol). Canon black inks (PG-40 and BCI24) consist mostly of water (about 80 %) and less than 10 % co-solvent (diethylene glycol). Canon colour inks have some less water, 55-75 % and co-solvents 15-25 % (diethylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol and glyserin). 29.3.2017 Timo Hartus

Energetic retention of Solvent 1 (water) E1/E2 Quantitative retention of Solvent 1 (water) Quantitative retention of Solvent 2 Energetic retention of Solvent 2 m1/m2

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