Technological Principles of Medical Instrumentation October 6 University Technological Principles of Medical Instrumentation

Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation Lecture 2 Introduction 1.1 Medical Instrumentation System 1.2 Medical Instrumentation Operational Modes 1.3 Direct / Indirect 1.3.1 Invasive / Noninvasive 1.3.2 Contact / Remote 1.3.3 Sense / Actuate 1.3.4 Real-time / Static 1.3.5 Sampling and Continuous Modes 1.3.6 Analog and Digital Modes 1.3.7 Generating and Modulating Sensors 1.3.8 Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation Medical Instrumentation System Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation Medical Instrumentation System 1- Measuring Quantity: Means the physical quantity, property or condition that the system measures. It may be: Internal (blood pressure), Body surface (electrocardiogram potential), Emanate from the body (infrared radiation), Tissue sample (such as blood or a biopsy) that is removed from the body. Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

Medical Instrumentation System CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation Medical Instrumentation System 1- Measuring Quantity Comparison between some of biomedical measuring quantities Parameter Range Frequency Sensor Blood flow 1-300 ml/s dc – 20 Hz Flowmeter (ultrasonic) Blood pressure 25-400mm Hg dc – 50 Hz Cuff, strain-gage ECG 0.5 – 4 mV 0.01 – 250 Hz Skin electrodes EEG 5 – 300 microV dc – 150 Hz Scalp electrodes EMG 0.1 – 5 mV dc – 10,000 Hz Needle electrodes Respiratory rate 2 – 50 breaths/min 0.1 – 10 Hz Strain-gage, nasal thermistor Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation Medical Instrumentation System 2- Biosensor: The sensor converts physical measuring quantity to an electrical output. The sensor should be: respond to a specific form of energy in the measuring quantity not affect the response of the living tissue. Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation Medical Instrumentation System 3- Signal Conditioning: Means the amplification and filtering of the signal acquired from the sensor to make it suitable for display. Examples Time/frequency/spatial domain processing (filtering) Calibration (adjustment of output to match parameter measured) Compensation (remove of undesirable secondary sensitivities) Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation Medical Instrumentation System 4- Signal Processing: Means Using mathematical, statistical, computational, representations, formalisms, and techniques For representation, modelling, analysis,, discovery, recovery, sensing, acquisition, extraction, learning, security, or forensics Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation Medical Instrumentation System 5- Output Display Storage Transmission: The results of the measurement process must be displayed in a form that the human operator can perceive. Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation Medical Instrumentation Operational Modes Direct / Indirect Invasive / Noninvasive Contact / Remote Sense / Actuate Real-time / Static Sampling and Continuous Analog and Digital Generating and Modulating Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation Medical Instrumentation Operational Modes Direct / Indirect Direct/ Indirect The sensing system measure a physiologic parameter directly. Example: The average volume blood flow The sensing system measure a quantity that is accessible and related to the desired measurand Example Cardiac output (volume of blood pumped per minute by the heart) Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation Medical Instrumentation Operational Modes 2. Invasive / Noninvasive Invasive Noninvasive An invasive procedures is defined as a medical procedure which breaks the skin in some way. Non-invasive procedure is defined as any medical procedure which does not break the skin. diagnosis major surgery Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation Medical Instrumentation Operational Modes 3. Contact / Remote Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation Medical Instrumentation Operational Modes 4. Sense / Actuate Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

5. Real-time / Delayed-time mode CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation Medical Instrumentation Operational Modes 5. Real-time / Delayed-time mode Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation Medical Instrumentation Operational Modes 6. Sampling and Continuous Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation Medical Instrumentation Operational Modes 7. Analog and Digital Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation Medical Instrumentation Operational Modes 8. Generating and Modulating Generating Modulating Self-powered mode derive their operational energy from the measurand itself Example: piezoelectric sensors, solar cells Measurand modulates the electrical signal which is supplied externally• modulation affects output of the sensor Example: IR sensor • Generating: also known as • Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

By Compensation Techniques CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation Medical Instrumentation Measurement Constraints How to overcome the Medical Instrumentation Measurement Constraints By Compensation Techniques Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

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