Through how many countries does the Prime Meridian pass? Bell Ringer 8/29: Through how many countries does the Prime Meridian pass? In the Northern Hemisphere, the Prime Meridian passes through the UK, France and Spain in Europe and Algeria, Mali, Burkina, Faso, Tongo and Ghana in Africa. The only landmass crossed by the Prime Meridian in the Southern Hemisphere is Antarctica.

GEOGRAPHY Roots of Geography From the Greek word for Geographia which means “to describe the earth” Methods of Geography Maps are visual representations of the earth Historians look at events over time. Geographers, view the world by looking at the use of space on the earth and the interactions that take place there. They look for patterns and connections between people and the land they live on. Maps are the most common tool to study the use of space on earth. Maps are visual representations of a portion of the Earth.

MR. HELP 5 Themes of Geography Movement Region Human- Environment Location Place

I. Movement --How do people, goods, and ideas move from place to place? A. How? 1. Examples: car books Internet Cell phone

Movement cont’d 2. Infrastructure- Facilities, structures, equipment, services and institutions that are essential to the economy and quality of life for a society. Examples: buildings, roads, power supplies, telecommunications

Movement cont’d B. Why? Push Factors = negative Examples: gov’t, financial, famine, mass migration… 2. Pull Factors= positive Examples: jobs, climate, freedom…

Movement cont’d 3. Emigrant/immigrant…what’s the difference? a. Emigrant- A person who leaves their own country in order to settle permanently in another b. Immigrant- A person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country

II. Region --How are places similar or different? A region is an area of the earth’s surface with similar characteristics. Regions usually have more than one characteristic that unifies them. These may include physical, political, economic, cultural characteristics.

Region cont’d Formal –defined by a limited number of characteristics B. Functional- organized around a set of interactions and connections between places C. Perceptual- people perceive or see a region in the same way (stereotypes) Formal: Ask 3 girls to come up and describe their future prom dress, have three guys come up and describe what they will wear. Commonality is that boys wear black tuxes, still diversity with girls dresses. Functional region is characterized by a hub, or central place, and links to that central place. Movement between places. Airport to airport. Connected by transportation. Have everyone walk to and from the drinking fountain. That is a functional region. “If it’s functioning, it’s moving.” Perceptual—set of characteristics may differ from person to person. Which states are considered apart of the Midwest?

When the region on the left pops up, you decide if it is Formal, Functional, or Perceptual. State of Nebraska Amazon River basin Dixie The Sun Belt Tarrant County Country of Brazil The I-35 corridor Horned Frog Nation Formal Functional Perceptual

Bell Ringer 8/30: Find at least one feature from your mental map of the world that could represent the theme MOVEMENT. What is TOMORROW?!?!?

III. Human-Environment Interaction --What is the relationship between humans and their environment? People learn to use what the environment offers them and to change that environment to met their needs.

Human-Environment Interaction cont’d Recreation Urban (cities/buildings) Rural (country/farming) C. Examples: drain swamps, irrigation ditches, drilling oil, dams

Garbage Island

IV. Location --Where is it? ? ? ? ?

2 types of Locations Absolute Location -the exact place on Earth B. Relative Location- describes a place in comparison to other places around it GPS (Global Positioning System) GIS (Global Information System) To describe absolute location, geographers use a grid system of imaginary lines for precisely location places on the earth’s surface. Each site on earth can have only one absolute location.

1. GPS (GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM) Satellites pinpointing location

2. GIS (GLOBAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS) Layering maps with different information to help navigation

V. Place -- What is it like? All locations on earth have physical features that set them apart, such as climate, land forms, and vegetation.

Place Physical Features Climate Landforms Vegetation Animal life B. Human features Man-made: dams, highways, houses, etc. Economics (jobs, standard of living) Social (Culture, religion, customs, languages) Political (government & civil rights)

How can MR.HELP help you?

QUIZ YOURSELF! 2. Man has driven the black rhino to near extinction.   1. Kiwi fruit from New Zealand is on sale at the supermarket. 2. Man has driven the black rhino to near extinction. 3. In the bayous of Louisiana, many houses are built on stilts. 4. Railroad networks in Europe make traveling easier for tourists. 5. Deserts are not all hot and dry; Antarctica is a desert of sorts. 6. Mauritania is southwest of Russia. 7. The warmth of the southern states makes them attractive for retirement living. 8. Islam is the major religion in the Middle East. 9. Sheep are raised in Iceland for the wool used in Icelandic sweaters. 10. The mountain passes of the Rockies are treacherous in winter and even a bit scary in the summer.   11..Write one sentence of your own that relates to one of the five themes: QUIZ YOURSELF! MOVEMENT HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION MOVEMENT PLACE LOCATION REGION REGION HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION PLACE

Strait- Near Egypt: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Red_Sea_topographic_map-en.jpg Near Vietnam: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea

Island

Archipelago-

Delta-

Plateau-

Escarpment- steep cliff or slope

Mountain- Rocky Ural Andes Himalayas http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ngV66m00UvU&feature=related Mountain- Ural Rocky Andes Himalayas

Rift- long, thin valley created by moving apart continental plates

Volcano-

Valley-