Absolutism and Revolution (1550–1850) Lesson 7 A Radical Phase

Absolutism and Revolution (1550–1850) Lesson 7 A Radical Phase Learning Objectives Explain why the French Revolution entered a more radical phase. Understand how radicals abolished the French monarchy. Analyze the causes and course of the Reign of Terror. Describe France under the Directory. Identify how the French Revolution changed life in France.

Absolutism and Revolution (1550–1850) Lesson 7 A Radical Phase Key Terms émigrés sans-culottes Jacobins Suffrage Maximilien Robespierre Reign of Terror guillotine Napoleon Bonaparte Nationalism Marseilles

Radicals Gain Strength The outbreak of the French Revolution stirred debate all over Europe and the United States. Supporters of the Enlightenment, such as Thomas Jefferson, saw the French experiment as the dawn of a new age for justice and equality. European rulers and nobles, however, denounced the French Revolution.

Radicals Gain Strength Fear of the “French Plague” Other Monarchs horrified Emigres- nobles and clergy who fled Threats from Abroad King of Prussia and emperor of Austria- Declaration of Pilinitz- Revolutionaries prepared for war Radicals Seek Power New Legislature lasted less than a year Sans Culottes- supported more radical changes Wanted to end monarchy Jacobins- another radical group War Breaks Out France declared war Austria, Prussia, Britain, and other states

Radicals Gain Strength Europe's monarchs feared the ideas coming from the French Revolution. Analyze Political Cartoons What do the rats symbolize in this cartoon? Why are the monarchs running away?

Radicals Gain Strength The sans-culottes were working-class men and women who became the heart of radical France. The men wore long pants instead of the knee breeches that upper-class men wore.

Radicals Gain Strength Europe in the 1790s was dominated by monarchies. Analyze Maps Why do you suppose France’s neighbors were afraid of the French Revolution?

The Monarchy Is Abolished In 1793, the Revolution entered a radical phase. For a year, France experienced one of the bloodiest regimes in its long history as determined leaders sought to extend and preserve the Revolution.

The Monarchy Is Abolished New Outbreaks of Violence 1793- Radical phase War abroad going horribly 1,000 of clergy and nobles killed The National Convention Extended suffrage to all males Abolished monarchy Abolished nobility Execution of a King and Queen Louis and Marie Antoinette executed in 1793

The Monarchy Is Abolished The September massacres lasted six days and resulted in more than 1,368 deaths.

The Monarchy Is Abolished Marie Antoinette’s lavish lifestyle and disregard for the masses contributed to her unpopularity and later execution.

The Reign of Terror By early 1793, danger threatened France on all sides. The country was at war with much of Europe, including Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, and Prussia. In the Vendée (vahn DAY) region of France, royalists and priests led peasants in rebellion against the government. In Paris, the sans-culottes demanded relief from food shortages and inflation. The Convention itself was bitterly divided between Jacobins and a rival group, the Girondins.

The Reign of Terror Committee of Public Safety 12 member committee with almost absolute power Helped gain support for the war Robespierre, the Incorruptible Leader of the committee “Death to the Traitors” Reign of Terror- 300,000 arrested 17,000 executed Guillotine Eventually Robespierre executed

The Reign of Terror The people of France feared the Committee of Public Safety because it was so powerful and ruthless.

The Reign of Terror Robespierre was the driving force behind the Reign of Terror.

The Reign of Terror Thousands of citizens were beheaded by the guillotine.

The Reign of Terror Robespierre was beheaded on July 28, 1794, a victim of the Terror he helped create.

Reaction and the Directory In reaction to the Terror, the Revolution entered a third stage. Middle class and professional people dominated this stage of the Revolution. Third Stage- more moderate- new constitution- 1797 5 man directory established Napoleon Bonaparte- popular military hero- planned to use him to solidify their power

Reaction and the Directory The French Revolution began with the burning of the Bastille in 1789 and continued through the Reign of Terror. After the Terror, it moved into a third phase in which the government was headed by a five-man Directory.

Reaction and the Directory Brash and young, military hero Napoleon Bonaparte would eventually become ruler of France.

The Revolution Transforms France By 1799, the 10-year-old French Revolution had dramatically changed France. It had dislodged the old social order, overthrown the monarchy, and brought the Church under state control. New symbols such as the red “liberty caps” and the tricolor confirmed the liberty and equality of all male citizens. The new title “citizen” applied to people of all social classes. Elaborate fashions and powdered wigs gave way to the practical clothes and simple haircuts of the sans-culottes.

The Revolution Transforms France Nationalism Spreads Pride in France Marseilles- port city- song became nation anthem Social Reform Abolished slavery Religion and the Revolution State supported catholic church Comparison with the American Revolution Lots of similarities Big difference US became a republic, France did not

The Revolution Transforms France Analyze Charts The French Revolution changed the country’s political and social landscape. How did the Revolution change the social order?

The Revolution Transforms France "La Marseillaise" is the national anthem of France.

The Revolution Transforms France During the radical phase of the French Revolution, many Christian churches were renamed Temples of Reason. Religious symbols were covered. On some churches, the revolutionary motto “Liberté, egalité, fraternité” was inscribed on the stone facade.

Quiz: Radicals Gain Strength Who were the Jacobins? A. members of the clergy who sought to restore the power of the Catholic Church B. aristocrats who fled France as the Revolution became more radical C. radical members of the Legislative Assembly who supported republican principles D. working-class men and women who wanted to abolish the monarchy

Quiz: The Monarchy Is Abolished How did France change under the National Assembly? A. The French countryside dissolved into violence. B. Order and peace were restored in Paris. C. France became a republic. D. France became a constitutional monarchy.

Quiz: The Reign of Terror Describe How did radicals such as Robespierre justify the use of terror? A. They sought to preserve the republic from its enemies. B. They were afraid the king would attempt to seize power again. C. They feared the growing power of the Jacobins and sans-culottes. D. They wanted to recruit people to fight against foreign invaders.

Quiz: Reaction and the Directory What stirred the sans-culottes to riot? A. rising bread prices B. attempts to restore the monarchy C. the emergence of Napoleon Bonaparte D. the return of the émigrés

Quiz: The Revolution Transforms France Name one example of social reform during the French Revolution. A. The military was disbanded. B. Slavery was abolished in France’s colonies. C. Government pensions were instituted. D. New religious schools were built.