Chapter 1: An Orientation to the Human Body

Introduction Anatomy Physiology Study of: External & internal structures of body Physical relationship between parts of body Answers questions “What?” & “Where?” Physiology Study of functions of various parts of body Answers questions “Why?” & “How?”

Navigating the Body Planes of division

Navigating the Body (cont’d) Anatomical Position To ensure consistency when describing relationship of structures Body is erect Feet parallel & flat on floor Arms at sides Palms forward Fingers straight down Head & eyes forward

Navigating the Body (cont’d) Directional References Superior/cephalic= Top/toward head Inferior/caudal = Bottom/below head Anterior/ventral = In front of Posterior/dorsal = In back of/behind Medial = Near midline Lateral = Away from midline Deep/internal = Away from surface Superior/external= Close to surface Proximal = Close to trunk Distal = Away from trunk

Navigating the Body (cont’d) Body regions. A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view.

Navigating the Body (cont’d) Body cavities

Building the Body: Atoms to Organisms Levels of organization of the body

Body Systems Integumentary (A), skeletal (B), & muscular (C) systems

Body Systems (cont’d) Nervous (D), cardiovascular (E), & lymphatic (F) systems

Body Systems (cont’d) Respiratory (G) & endocrine (H) systems

Body Systems (cont’d) Reproductive system (I)

Body Systems (cont’d) Digestive (J) & urinary (K) systems

Chapter 2: The Body and Its Terminology

Introduction Learning terminology is integral part of proficiency Study of human body involves scientific names for structures, locations, and physiological mechanisms For manual therapists, medical terminology allows clear communication Medical terminology is needed for understanding pathologies and scientific research

Orientation to the Body Anatomic position: standard body reference position used to navigate anatomical terminology

Orientation to the Body (cont’d) Body planes: used to describe location and position of structures (see Figure 2-2) Sagittal plane: vertically divides body or part into right and left Frontal (coronal) plane: vertically divides body or part into front and back Transverse (horizontal) plane: horizontally divides body or part into top and bottom

Orientation to the Body (cont’d) Directional terms clearly communicate position of one body part in relation to another Example: “the scar is superior and lateral to the left nostril” Directional terms are easier to understand and remember in pairs of contrasting terms (see Figure 2-3)

Key Directional Terms Term Definition anterior (ventral) front posterior (dorsal) back lateral farther from midline medial closer to midline superior (cephalad) above; closer to head inferior (caudal) below; closer to feet

Key Directional Terms (cont’d) Definition proximal closer to attachment point distal farther from attachment point superficial closer to the surface deep farther from the surface contralateral opposite side of the median ipsilateral on same side of the median

Orientation to the Body (cont’d) Movement terminology describes how structures move in general and in relation to other parts Movements on frontal plane move toward (adduction) or away from (abduction) midline Movements on transverse plane move toward (horizontal adduction) or away from (horizontal abduction) midline Movements on sagittal plane move toward front (flexion) or back (extension)

Movement Terminology Abduction and adduction

Movement Terminology (cont’d) Horizontal abduction and adduction

Movement Terminology (cont’d) Flexion and extension

Movement Terminology (cont’d) Rotation and circumduction

Common Anatomical Terminology Understanding terms important for study of body Anatomical terminology describes location and relative position of structures more precisely Manual therapists use medical language to communicate with health care community

Prefixes, Suffixes, and Word Roots Many anatomy and physiology terms formed by combining word roots, prefixes, and suffixes Knowing common word parts makes it easier to understand complex terms See Table 2-3 for common word parts used in manual therapies

Body Regions Regional terminology describes areas and divisions of body more precisely See Table 2-4 and Figures 2-8 through 2-10 for common terms referring to body regions Examples of regional terms: sternal, carpal, scapular, lumbar, gluteal, femoral, calcaneal, plantar

Body Cavities Four primary body cavities: ventral (anterior) or dorsal (posterior) - see Figure 2-11 Ventral cavities: thoracic cavity (lungs and heart) and abdominopelvic cavity (organs within abdomen and pelvis) Quadrant method and nine-region method used to subdivide abdominopelvic cavity (see Figure 2-12) Dorsal cavities: cranial cavity (brain) and spinal cavity (spinal cord)

Pathology Classifications and Terminology Pathology: study of disease Manual therapists should know commonly used classifications and terminology See Table 2-5 for basic pathology terms Examples: acute, chronic, contraindication, diagnosis, lesion, prognosis, sign, symptom

Classifications of Disease Diseases broadly classified by causes: Infectious Pathogens (e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites) Environmental (e.g., cigarette smoke) Hereditary (e.g., hemophilia) Nutrition and lifestyle (e.g., dietary deficiencies)