Do Now! Manumission: The act of freeing someone from slavery Treaty of Paris: 1783 peace treaty that ended the Revolutionary War and affirmed American independence Yorktown: Battle where the Patriots received help from the French

The students will be able to analyze the Revolutionary War. EQ: What did the Revolution accomplish, and what ideas did it set in motion? The students will be able to analyze the Revolutionary War.

Ch 4 Sec 3: Turning Points of the War Britain seemed to have great advantages at the beginning of the war, such as having more weapons and ships, which led the British to underestimate the Patriots as an enemy. In 1775, British soldiers under Lord William Howe tried to take over Bunker Hill. Although they succeeded, they suffered more than twice the Patriot casualties. Six months later, Patriot reinforcements arrived with cannons they had captured, and the British were forced to abandon the city in March 1776.

The Battle of Bunker Hill, by Howard Pyle, 1897

The British never fully understood that they were fighting a revolutionary war. They further angered colonists by hiring German mercenaries. Patriot persistence owed much to the leadership of George Washington and his use of guerilla warfare and unorthodox tactics to hold off the British. Continental troops worked with local militias and relied on the aid and support of the civilian population.

Approximately one quarter of the soldiers fighting for the British during the Revolutionary War were hired German soldiers, called Hessians.

After leaving Boston, the British attacked NYC to cut off New England from the rest of the colonies. Howe captured the city on September 15th. After a modest victory at the Battle of Trenton, Washington began 1777 with another victory when he inflicted heavy casualties on General Charles Cornwallis’s troops at the Battle of Princeton.

Washington at the Battle of Princeton, 1777 by Don Troiani

Patriots began to hope they could win the war after the Patriot victory at Saratoga in upstate NY. Benjamin Franklin secured help for the Patriots in February 1778. France agreed to become an ally of the Patriots. Some French volunteers, including Marquis de Lafayette, were already providing military expertise.

Washington’s army spend a harsh winter at Valley Forge outside of Philadelphia. Despite their hardships, the soldiers benefited from drill exercises supervised by a German officer. The Continental soldiers demonstrated their improved discipline at Monmouth, New Jersey, in June 1778.

The outbreak of war between the colonists and the British escalated the frequent skirmish between settlers and Indians. Most Indians sided with the British, who had promised to keep the colonists in the east. Native Americans and white settlers increasingly attacked each other, beginning a cycle of revenge that continued for years.

Ch 4 Sec 4: War’s End and Lasting Effects The British knew they would find more Loyalist support in the South. They won most of the battles and captured the leading seaports, yet failed to control the southern countryside. Spanish forces attacked forts in the south to solidify Spanish power in North America, while distracting the British. In October 1780 at Kings Mountain in North Carolina, the Patriots crushed a Loyalist militia, which was not supported adequately. As the Loyalists lost men and territory, neutral civilians swung over to the Patriot side, which frustrated the British.

During the summer of 1781, Washington marched most of his troops south and planned to trap Cornwallis’ army at Yorktown, Virginia. The French fleet arrived at just the right moment, trapping the British navy. Cornwallis surrendered his army on October 19th. The British negotiated a peace treaty with an American delegation led by Benjamin Franklin. The Treaty of Paris recognized American independence and ceded far more territory to the US than the colonies had won in the war.

French (left) and British ships (right) at the battle of the Chesapeake off Yorktown in 1781; the outnumbered British fleet departed, leaving the British no choice but to surrender.

Some Americans won far more rights than others Some Americans won far more rights than others. About 90,000 Loyalists—including 20,000 former slaves—became refugees. About half of them resettled in Britain’s northern colonies. During the Revolutionary War, the Americans fought on their western frontier to defeat the Native Americans. When the British abandoned the Indians in 1783, the Patriots forced the Indians to give up massive tracts of land as the price of peace.

Women gained few political or legal rights as a result of the Revolution, but they won greater respect based on the new conception of women as “republican mothers.”

African Americans were excluded from the rights demanded by the Patriots. After the war, the Revolution led to emancipation of slaves in the North, where slavery was not critical to the economy. Emancipation was much less likely to occur in the South, where slaves were essential to the plantation economy. In Maryland and Virginia, many planters voluntarily freed their slaves, a practice known as manumission. After 1810, however, southern states passed laws to discourage further manumissions.

Perhaps the greatest effect of the Revolution was the spreading of the idea of liberty, both at home and abroad. Over the next three centuries, the principles for which the Patriots fought would inspire revolutions around the world, beginning with the French Revolution. Other republican groups around the world began to fight to overthrow aristocratic governments.

EXIT SLIP Which action by the British government was considered by American colonists to be a violation of their rights as Englishmen? A) making treaties with Native American Indians B) protecting the colonies from foreign invasion C) failing to enforce the Navigation Acts D) taxing the colonies without representation in Parliament

EXIT SLIP Which action by the British government was considered by American colonists to be a violation of their rights as Englishmen? A) making treaties with Native American Indians B) protecting the colonies from foreign invasion C) failing to enforce the Navigation Acts D) taxing the colonies without representation in Parliament

EXIT SLIP Which set of events related to early America is in the correct chronological order? A) inauguration of George Washington → passage of Stamp Act → Battle of Saratoga → French and Indian War B) Battle of Saratoga → French and Indian War → passage of Stamp Act → inauguration of George Washington C) French and Indian War → passage of Stamp Act → Battle of Saratoga → inauguration of George Washington D) passage of Stamp Act → French and Indian War → inauguration of George Washington → Battle of Saratoga

EXIT SLIP Which set of events related to early America is in the correct chronological order? A) inauguration of George Washington → passage of Stamp Act → Battle of Saratoga → French and Indian War B) Battle of Saratoga → French and Indian War → passage of Stamp Act → inauguration of George Washington C) French and Indian War → passage of Stamp Act → Battle of Saratoga → inauguration of George Washington D) passage of Stamp Act → French and Indian War → inauguration of George Washington → Battle of Saratoga

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BvzNktsuXTk