Mythic and Historical 1840s Hindus from India enter the Caribbean region as indentured laborers. 1857 First major Indian revolt against British rule, the “Sepoy Mutiny.” The rebellion led to the dissolution of the East India Company in 1858. It also led the British to reorganize the army, the financial system and the administration in India. The country was thereafter directly governed by the crown as the new British Raj. 1860 First indentured servants from Madras (Chennai) and Calcutta (Kolkata) arrive in Durban, South Africa to work on sugar plantations. 1869 Birth of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869–1948), Indian nationalist and Hindu political activist, who develops the strategy of nonviolent disobedience that leads to the independence of India (1947) from Great Britain. Indian Routes, Nov. 22, 2015 WEB Nov. 21, 2015 http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routes/1800_1899/index_1800_1899.html Jones, Constance A. and Ryan, James D. Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing New York NY 2007 ""Attack of the Mutineers on the Redan Battery at Lucknow, July 30th, 1857," by unknown - Ball, Charles (c.1860) The History of the Indian Mutiny: Giving A Detailed Account of the Sepoy Insurrection in India; and a Concise History of the Great Military Events Which Have Tended to Consolidate British Empire in Hindostan. London: The London Printing and Publishing Company. Page not numbered, among the illustrations at the beginning of Volume III.. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons – Nov. 22, 2015 WEB Nov. 22, 2015 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%22Attack_of_the_Mutineers_on_the_Redan_Battery_at_Lucknow,_July_30th,_1857,.jpg#/media/File:%22Attack_of_the_Mutineers_on_the_Redan_Battery_at_Lucknow,_July_30th,_1857,.jpg "Portrait Gandhi" by Unknown - http://flickr.com/photos/55638925@N00/255569844/. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons – Nov. 22, 2015 WEB Nov. 22, 2015 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_Gandhi.jpg#/media/File:Portrait_Gandhi.jpg

Mythic and Historical 1876 British queen Victoria (1819–1901) is proclaimed empress of India (r. 1876–1901). 1879 First emigrant ship to Fiji adds 498 Indian indentured laborers to the nearly 340,000 already working in other colonies of the British Empire. 1928 Hindu leader and future prime minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964) drafts plan for a free India; becomes president of Congress Party in 1929 1885 Indian National Congress founded. 1912 Anti-Indian racial riots on the U.S. West Coast expel large Hindu immigrant population. 1917 Last Hindu Indian indentured laborers are taken to British colonies of Fiji and Trinidad. 1917 U.S. government severely restricts Indian citizens from immigration. Restriction stands until 1965 Indian Routes, Nov. 22, 2015 WEB Nov. 21, 2015 http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routes/0700_0799/index_0700_0799.htmlj Jones, Constance A. and Ryan, James D. Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing New York NY 2007

Mythic and Historical 1920 Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869–1948) uses satyagraha, “truth power,” first articulated in South Africa, as a strategy of noncooperation and non-violence against India’s British rulers. 1923 U.S. law excludes Indian nationals from naturalization. 1947 India gains independence from Britain on August 15. 1948 Establishment of Sarva Seva Sangh, Gandhian movement for new social order (sarvodaya). Prepartition India Indian Routes, Nov. 22, 2015 WEB Nov. 21, 2015 http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routes/0700_0799/index_0700_0799.htmlj Jones, Constance A. and Ryan, James D. Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing New York NY 2007 The process of PARTITION, 1947 Columbia University Nov. 27, 2015 WEB Nov. 27, 2015 http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/modern/maps1947/maps1947.html 1948 Mohandas Gandhi is assassinated on January 30 in retaliation for his embracing of Muslim demands in India. 1948 The last British troops leave India on February 28.

Mythic and Historical 1949 India’s new constitution, authored chiefly by B. R. Ambedkar, declares there shall be no “discrimination” against any citizen on the grounds of caste, jati, and abolishes the practice of “untouchability.” 1950 India is declared a secular republic. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru (r. 1947–64) is determined to abolish caste and industrialize the nation. 1964 India’s Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), a Hindu religious nationalist movement, is founded to counter secularism Indian Routes, Nov. 22, 2015 WEB Nov. 21, 2015 http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routes/0700_0799/index_0700_0799.htmlj Jones, Constance A. and Ryan, James D. Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing New York NY 2007

Mythic and Historical 1965 U.S. immigration law is rewritten to cancel racial qualifications and restore rights of naturalization to Asians. The first Hindu teacher to benefit from the lifting of immigration quotas is Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, famous Vaishnavite guru and founder of International Society of Krishna Consciousness. Annual immigration from India shifts from 100 (1925) to 170,000 (1985) per year. 1966 Jawaharlal Nehru’s daughter, Indira Gandhi, becomes prime minister of India, world’s largest democracy. 1975 Netherlands gives independence to Dutch Guyana, which becomes Suriname; one-third of Hindus (descendants of Indian plantation workers) immigrate to Netherlands for better social and economic conditions. Indian Routes, Nov. 22, 2015 WEB Nov. 21, 2015 http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routes/0700_0799/index_0700_0799.htmlj Jones, Constance A. and Ryan, James D. Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing New York NY 2007

Mythic and Historical 1979 Shivaya Subramuniyaswami founds Hinduism Today, international journal to promote Hindu solidarity. 1980 Hindu nationalist party, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), is founded 1984 Indian soldiers under orders from Prime Minister Indira Gandhi storm Sikh Golden Temple in Amritsar and crush rebellion. Gandhi is assassinated later in the year by her Sikh bodyguards. Her son Rajiv takes office 2006 Hinduism continues to grow in most countries of the old diaspora: Fiji, Guyana, Trinidad, Mauritius, Malaysia, and Suriname. Europe and the United States continue to be destinations for the current participants in the diaspora. Descendants maintain their faith and identity BJP wins the prime minister’s seat in 2014 after being out of power for 10 years Indian Routes, Nov. 22, 2015 WEB Nov. 21, 2015 http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routes/0700_0799/index_0700_0799.htmlj Jones, Constance A. and Ryan, James D. Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing New York NY 2007

Hinduism 2015 World Religions Map PBS Learning Media 2015WEB Nov. 15, 2015 http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/sj14-soc-religmap/world-religions-map/