Chapter 9 Preview Chapters 6, 7 & 8 Review

Ch. 6: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Information Processing Vygotsky’s Socialcultural Theory Early Mental Development Language Development

Ch. 6: Piaget Match the general terms and descriptions   _____ Psychological structures, or 1. Circular reaction organized ways of making sense 2. Schemes of experience 3. Adaptation _____ Building schemes through direct interaction with the environment _____ An infant’s repeating of a chance event caused by their own motor activity

Ch. 6: Piaget Match the following terms, related to the process of adaptation, with the appropriate description. _____ Creating new schemes or adjusting to old 1. Accomodation ones to better fit with the environment 2. Assimilation _____ Time when children are not changing much 3. Equilibrium in terms of their cognitive development; 4. Disequilibrium a steady, comfortable condition _____ Time of rapid cognitive change; a period of cognitive discomfort _____ Using current schemes to interpret the external world  

Ch. 6: Piaget Match each of the following sensorimotor substages with the appropriate description.   _____ Infants’ primary means of adapting to the 1. Substage 1, Reflexive Schemes environment is through reflexes 2. Substage 2, Primary Circular Reactions _____ Infants engage in goal-directed behavior and 3. Substage 3, Secondary Circular Reactions begin to attain object permanence 4. Substage 4, Coordination of Secondary CR _____ Toddlers repeat behaviors with variation, 5. Substage 5, Tertiary Circular Reactions producing new effects 6. Substage 6, Mental Representations _____ Infants’ adaptations are oriented toward their own bodies _____ Toddlers gain the ability use internal images and symbolic means _____ Infants act to repeat interesting effects in the surrounding world

Ch. 6: Piaget The understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight is called _________________. When does this happen? When infants coordinate schemes deliberately to solve simple problems, what do we call this? _______________________ are internal depictions of information that the mind can manipulate. When does this happen?

Ch. 6: Information Processing True or False: Information-processing researchers believe that the basic structure of the mental system is similar throughout life. Describe the basic structure and flow of the human information processing system. ________________________, the simplest form of memory, involves a simple indication as to whether a new experience is identical or similar to a previous one. _________________________, on the other hand, is much more challenging because it involves remembering something in the absence of perceptual support.

Ch. 6: Vygotsky What does Vygotsky consider to be most important for cognitive development? How does this differ from Piaget?   __________________________ refers to a range of tasks too difficult for a child to accomplish alone but that the child can do with the help of a more skilled partner. True/False Adult participation leads to more complex play and teaches cultural values.

Ch. 6: Early Mental Development Explain the difference between and intelligence quotient (IQ) and a developmental quotient (DQ). Why aren’t infant intelligence tests very good predictors of later intelligence. For what purpose are infant intelligence scores largely used?

Ch. 6: Vocabulary development Receptive vs. productive language, or comprehension vs. production Baby signs Early language errors Overregularization Overextentsion and underextension

Ch. 7: Social and Emotional Development in I/T -- Review Erikson Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (b-1) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3) Emotional Development Temperament Attachment Self-Development

Ch. 7: Emotional Development Define the term basic emotions and provide several examples.   What is a social smile and when does it develop? The most frequent expression of fear in infancy is to unfamiliar adults, a response called ________________________________________. ________________________ is when infants actively seek emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation.     Strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals are referred to as ____________________.

Ch. 7: Temperament What is temperament? List and describe at least five of the dimensions of personality outlined in Thomas and Chess’s model of temperament. List and describe the three temperamental types that have emerged from the work of Thomas and Chess.   True or False: All children fit into one of the three categories of temperament described above. Describe the goodness-of-fit model and explain in importance in encouraging positive development.

Ch. 7: Attachment Define attachment. According to Bowlby’s Ethological Theory of Attachment, why did infant’s emotional tie to their caregiver evolve?   Babies display __________________, becoming upset when an adult upon which they rely on leaves. It tends to increase between 6 and 15 months. The ____________________________ technique, designed by Mary Ainsworth, is the most widely used technique for measuring the quality of the attachment between 1 and 2 years of age. What four attachment patterns have been identified using Ainsworth’s technique?

Ch. 8: Physical Development in Early Childhood -- Review General growth pattern and asynchronies in growth Brain growth and development Influences on physical growth and health Nutrition in early childhood Health and safety in childhood Gross and fine motor development

Chapter 8: General Growth & Brain Growth Describe the pattern of the general growth curve during early childhood. What areas of growth don’t follow the general pattern? Which is most influential to physical growth in early childhood, nature or nurture? Explain your answer. Between 2 and 6 years of age, the brain increases from ______ to _______ percent of its adult weight. The (right / left) hemisphere is especially active between 3 and 6 years of age and then levels off; in contrast, activity in the (right / left) hemisphere increases steadily throughout early and middle childhood.

Chapter 8: Health and Nutrition What is the leading cause of childhood mortality? What are some causes of inadequate immunization in the United States? T/F It’s a good idea to force young children to eat new foods. What are some ways to encourage good nutrition in young children?

Ch. 8: Motor Development  As children’s bodies become more streamlined and less top-heavy, their center of gravity shifts downward, and as a result, ________________ improves greatly, paving the way for new motor skills involving the large muscles of the body. To parents, fine motor development is most apparent in what two areas? True or False: Preschoolers exposed to formal lessons in motor skills are generally ahead in motor development?

Chapter 9: Cognitive Development in Early Childhood -- Preview Piaget’s Preoperational Stage Vygotsky’s theory Information Processing approach Theory of Mind Early Literacy and Mathematical Development Mental development Early childhood care Language development

Chapter 9 Quiz

Chapter 9 Quiz, Con’t